4.7 Cyberspace & Civil Liberties

Section 12.1 identifies sources that address proposals and plans for designing a National and a Global Information Infrastructure--an NII and a GII. Section 12.2 includes sources that examine the social impact of some of those proposals and policies. Sources addressing issues related to control, access, and social equity in cyberspace are contained in this section. Section 12.3 lists sources that address ethical and legal issues related to cyberspace and the NII. Sources concerned with issues related to rights, responsibility, and accountability on the internet or "information superhighway" are listed in this section. Sources focusing on issues related to democracy and civil liberties in cyberspace are included in Section 12.4. Also listed in this section are some classic works on topics of free speech and liberty by authors such as John Milton, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill. Recent articles from Time and Newsweek are also listed along side the more "scholarly" works. Many articles from these two popular magazines--especially those written by Philip Elmer-Dewitt and Steven Levy--have been anthologized in Computer Ethics and Computers & Society textbooks.

4.7.1 Cyberspace and Proposals for Designing Information Infrastructures

Archer, Marlene. "The Greater Boston Community-Wide Education and Information Services Organizing Project (CWEIS)," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, B5.

Aronson, Jonathan. "Telecommunications Infrastructure and U.S. International Competitiveness," in Institute for Information Studies, A National Information Network: Changing Our Lives in the 21st Century. Nashville Tennessee and Queensland Maryland: The Institute for Information Studies, 1992, pp. 58-59.

Barrow, Michael. "Introduction to the Internet," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, B1.

Benedikt, M. "Cyberspace: Some Proposals," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 119-224.

Branscomb, Lewis. "Planning the New National Network," EDUCOM Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1989, pp. 7-10.

Chapman, Gary. "Defense Conversion and Technology Policy," The CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 10, Fall, 1992.

Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. "The National Information Infrastructure: A Public Interest Opportunity," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 2, Summer 1993, pp. 1-23. Portions reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 628-644.

Chapman, Gary and Joel Yudken. "The National Information Infrastructure," in Setting a New Course for Science and Technology Policy: The 21st Century Project. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993. pp. 137-150.

Civille, Richard. "Designing Local Civic Networks," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 213-214.

Civille, Richard and Ann Bishop. "Measuring the NII," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, C2.

Coate, John. "Inkeeping in Cyberspace," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 1-8.

Coates, Vary; LaPorte, Todd and Mark G. Young. "Global Telecommunications and Export of Services: That Promise and Risk," Business Horizons, November/December 1993. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 32-38.

Danowitz, A. K., Nasef, Y., and S. E. Goodman. "International Perspectives: Cyberspace Across the Sahara: Computing in North Africa," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 12, pp. 23-28.

de Kerckhove, Derrick. "From Global Village to Global Mind," The UNESCO Courier, February 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 20-31.

Dowling, Sherwood. "NII: Public or Private? Defining Research Parameters," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, C5.

Drake, William and Herbert Schiller. "Policy for the GII (1)," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, C3.

Electronic Frontier Foundation. "The EFF Open Platform Proposal," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 143-153.

Elmer-DeWitt, Philip. "Welcome to Cyberspace: What Is It? Where Is It? And How Do We Get There?," Time, Special Issue, Spring 1995, pp. 4-11. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 6-10.

Eng, Paul and Mark Lewyn. "On-Off Ramps to the Info Superhighway," Business Week, February 7, 1994, p. 108.

Farrington, Carl. "Community Access to Telecommunications Systems," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 134-135.

Frederick, Howard. "Networks and the Emergence of Global Civil Society," in L. Harasim, ed. Global Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.

Fuller, Steve. "The Rhetorical History of the NII," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, E3.

Gamse, Philipa and Terry Grunwald. "Navigating the Net: A Non-Profit Nightmare??," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, A3.

Gandy, Oscar H. "Introduction," in Institute for Information Studies, A National Information Network: Changing Our Lives in the 21st Century. Nashville Tennessee and Queensland Maryland: The Institute for Information Studies, 1992, p. xx.

Gore, Al. "Global Information Infrastructure," Remarks As Delivered to the International Telecommunications Union, March 21, 1994. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 620-638.

Harasim, Linda. ed. Global Networks: Computers and International Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.

Hyland, Paul. "The CPSR National Information Infrastructure Initiative," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 3, Fall 1993, p. 12.

"International Cooperation," A Computer and Information Technologies Platform. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), Berkeley Chapter, Peace and Justice Working Group, 1992, pp. 22-24.

Kahin, Brian. "Overview: Understanding the NREN," in B. Kahin, ed. Building Information Infrastructure. Cambridge, MA. Harvard Business School Press, 1992, p. 5.

Kahin, Brian and Janet Abbate, eds. "The Standards Problem," Part I of Standards Policy for Information Infrastructure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Kahn, Robert. "The Role of the Government in the Evolution of the Internet," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 8, August 1994, pp. 15-19.

Kalil, Thomas; Mallery, John and Joshua Cohen. "Informed Participation and the National Information Infrastructure," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, B3.

Kapor, Mitch; Berman, Jerry and Daniel Weitzner. "We Need a National Public Network," Whole Earth Review, Spring, 1992.

Kleinrock, Leonard. "Technology Issues in the Design of NREN," in B. Kahin, ed. Building Information Infrastructure. Cambridge, MA. Harvard Business School Press, 1992, p. 185.

Markoff, John. "Building the Electronic Superhighway," The New York Times, January 24, 1993, p. 3.

Masinter, Larry. "Collaborative Information Retrieval: Combining Talking and Searching," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, D2.

McKnight, Lee. "Public Services for the GII (2)," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, C4.

Miller, Steve. "What is the National Information Infrastructure and Why Are We Building It?" and "Framing the Policy Debate," Chaps. 3 and 4 in Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power and the Information Superhighway. NY: ACM Press, 1995.

Novak, Marcos. "Liquid Architectures in Cyberspace," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 225-254.

Press, Larry. "Toward a Truly Global Network," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 106-108.

Press, Larry. "Relcom, An Appropriate Technology Network," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 109-116.

Price, Melissa Lee. "Information Superhighway: A Road Map for Higher Education Professionals," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, A5.

Resnick, Paul and Mel King. "The Rainbow Pages -- Building Community With Voice Technology," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1990 (DIAC '90) Symposium Proceedings, ed. Doug Schuler. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) 2nd ed., 1992, pp. 2-13.

Schuler, Doug. "Community Networks: Building a New Participatory Medium," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 1, January 1994, pp. 39-51.

Sirbu, Marvin. "Telecommunications Technology and Infrastructure," in Institute for Information Studies, A National Information Network: Changing Our Lives in the 21st Century. Nashville Tennessee and Queensland Maryland: The Institute for Information Studies, 1992, pp. 174-175.

Stone, Antonio and Peter Miller. "Playing to Win and the Community Computing Center Movement," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, B4.

Van Dran, Gisela; Guynes, Carl and Victor Prybutok. "The Information Infrastructure: Policy and Security Considerations," Computers and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, March 1996, pp. 13-15.

Wexelblat, Alan. "Giving Meaning to Place: Semantic Spaces," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 275-272.

Wright, Karen. "Trends in Communications: The Road to the Global Village," Scientific American, March 1990, pp. 83-94.

4.7.2 CyberSociety: Social Control and Access in Cyberspace

"Access to Information and Information Technologies," A Computer and Information Technologies Platform. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), Berkeley Chapter, Peace and Justice Working Group, 1992, pp. 8-12.

Ackerman, Mark. "Metaphors Along the Information Highway," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, E2.

Armstrong, Ben. "The Social Impact of a National Information Superhighway," Computers and Society. Vol. 25, No. 3, September 1995, pp. 10-14.

Barbour, Bob. "A Postmodern View of National Information Infrastructure," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, E1.

Belsie, Laurent. "'Universal Services' Is No Longer So Simple," The Christian Science Monitor, April 7, 1994.

Biddle, Bradford. "Digital Signature Legislation: Flawed Efforts Will Hurt Consumers and Impede Development of 'Public Key Infrastructure'," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1995, pp. 8-12.

Bruckman, Amy. "'Serious' Uses of Muds," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, D5.

Charles, Dan. "Socializing in Cyberspace," New Scientist, No. 1821, May 16, 1992, pp. 12-13.

Civille, Richard. "CPSR Hosts Roundtable on Local Civic Networks," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 1, 4-8.

Cobb, Nathan. "Kids Online, Parents On Edge," The Boston Globe, February 22, 1995, pp. 27, 30.

Davis, Jim. "The NII and the Rest of Us," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, B2.

Diamond, Edwin and Robert Silverman. White House to Your House: Media and Politics in Virtual America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Douglas, Sarah. and Cheris Kramarae. "Gender Gridlock on the Information Superhighway," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, H3.

Featherstone, Mike and Roger Burrows, eds. Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1996.

Feinberg, Andrew. "Netiquette," Lotus, Vol. 6, No. 9, 1990, pp. 66-69.

Franco, V.; Piirto, R.; Hu, H-Y.; Lewenstein, B.; Underwood, R. and N. Vidal. "Anatomy of a Flame: Conflict and Community Building on the Internet," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Summer 1995.

Fulford, Robert. "Reach Out and Snub Someone," Saturday Night, May 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 106-108.

Gaiser, Ted. "Network Personality," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, F4.

Griest, Stephanie. "Volunteers Help Widen Access to Information Superhighway," Seattle Post-Intellengencer, July 21, 1994, pp. C1, C3.

Harasim, Linda; Starr, Roxanne Hiltz; Teles, Lucio and Murray Turoff. Learning Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Jackson, James. "It's a Wired, Wired World," Time, Special Issue, Spring 1995, pp. 80-82. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 204-206.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Helen Nissenbaum. "The Networked World," Introduction to Chap. 7 in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 606-608.

Johnson, Jeff. "Info 'Highway': A Worst Case Scenario," EE Times, August 28, 1995, p. 27.

Jones, Steven G. ed. CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and the Community. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.

Kahin, Brian and James Keller, eds. "The Public Access Agenda," Part I of Public Access to the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Kallman, Ernest. "Risks and Treats From Internet Access," Ethics in the Computer Age: Conference Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 33-39.

Keyworth, George and Bruce Abell. "Competitiveness and Telecommunications: America's Economic Future: House-to-House Digital Fiber Optic Network," Indianapolis, IN: The Hudson Institute, 1990.

Kling, Rob. "Synergies and Competition Between Life in Cyberspace and Face-to-Face Communities," Social Science Computer Review.

Krol, Ed. The Whole Internet: Catalog and User's Guide. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates, 1992.

Labalme, Fen and Doug Schuler. "CPSR/Berkeley Hosts DIAC-92," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 1-3.

Lemonick, Michael D. "The Net's Strange Day," Time, February 19, 1996, p. 55.

Levinger, David; Monberg, John and Steve Price. "Duped Again? Learning from Broken Promises," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, E5.

Machanick, Philip; Apteker, Ronnie; Green, Philip and Thomas McWalter. "Misanet: The Southern African Press on the Net," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, A4.

McFadden, Tim. "Notes on the Structure of Cyberspace and the Ballistic Actors Model," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 335-362.

Miller, Steve. "Universal Access: Making Sure Everyone Has a Chance," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, Appendix.

Miller, Steve. "Protecting the Public Interest," Chap. 5 in Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power and the Information Superhighway. NY: ACM Press, 1995.

Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobaun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Moore, Dinty W. The Emperor's Virtual Clothes: The Naked Truth About Internet Culture. Chapel Hill, NC Alqonquin Press, 1995.

Morningstar, Chip and F. Randall Farmer. "The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 273-302.

Negroponte, Nicholas. "The DNA of Information," Chap. 1 in Being Digital. NY: Alfred Knopf, 1995.

"No Place for Kids," Newsweek, July 3, 1995.

Parry, Linda and Robert Wharton. "Computer Networks in the Workplace: Factors Affecting the Use of Electronic Communications" in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 9-31.

Peek, Robin. The Spiders in the Web: A Satirical Look at the Development of the World Wide Web," The Information Society, Vol. 11, No. 4, October-December 1995, pp. 333-338.

Odasz, Frank. "Community Networking on Big Sky Telegraph," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 16-19.

Pine, Evelyn. "Community Memory Project Serves Berkeley," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 12-13.

Rheingold, Howard. "Introduction," The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. NY: HarperPerennial, 1994, pp. 1-17.

Salvaggio. Jerry L. "Projecting a Positive Image of the Information Society," in J. Slack and F. Fejes, eds. The Ideology of the Information Age. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers, 1987.

Sayers, Dennis. "Empowerment and Intergenerational Bilingual Literacy: Parent-Child Relationships in Long-Distance Networks," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, F2.

Schuler, Douglas. "The Seattle Community Network," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 2, Summer 1993, pp. 8-11; 15.

Schuler, Douglas. New Community Networks: Wired for Change. NY: ACM Press, 1995.

"Serving the Community: A Public Interest Vision of the National Information Infrastructure," The CPSR Newsletter, Vols. 11-12, Nos. 4-1, Winter 1993/1994, pp. 1-10, 20-30.

Shields, Bob. eds. Cultures of Internet: Towards a Social Theory of Cyberspaces and Virtual Realities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1996.

Smarr, Larry and Charles E. Catlet. "Life After Internet: Making Room for New Applications, " in B. Kahin, ed. Building Information Infrastructure. Cambridge, MA. Harvard Business School Press, 1992, p. 145.

Smilovitz, Craig. "Decision Making on the Information Infrastructure," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, D3.

Stoll, Clifford. Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts on the Information Highway. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Stone, Allucquere Rosanne. "Will the Real Body Please Stand Up?: Boundary Stories about Virtual Cultures," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 81-118.

Strauss, Stephen. "Cybersickness: The Side Effects of Virtual Reality," Technology Review, July 1995.

Sullivan-Trainor, Michael. Detour: The Truth About the Information Superhighway. NY: IDG, 1994.

The White House. "The National Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Action," Public Domain Document, September 15, 1993.

Thomas, David. "Old Rituals for New Space: Rites de Passage and William Gibson's Cultural Model of Cyberspace," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 31-48.

Van Tassel, Joan. "Yakety-Yak: do Talk Back!: PEN, The Nation's First Publicly Funded Electronic Network, Makes a Difference in Santa Monica," Wired, January 1994, pp. 78-80. Reprinted in R. Kling, ed. Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 547-551.

Webster, Frank. "What Information Society?," Information Society, Vol. 10, No. 1, January-March, pp. 1-23.

Welsh, Rika; Walsh, Susie and Abigail Norman. "Public Access Television/Media Arts Centers: Models for Community Access to the Information Infrastructure," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, A2.

Young, Edward; Weiss, Jeffrey, and Dan Lynch. "The Internet Marketplace: Cybercash, Cyberfraud, and Cybersovereignity," a panel discussion at the ACM/SIGCAS Symposium on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '96), Philadelphia, February, 15, 1996.

Young, John E. "Spreading the Net," World Watch, January/February 1994. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 114-119.

4.7.3 CyberEthics: Rights and Responsibilities in Cyberspace

Barlow, John Perry "Private Life in Cyberspace," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1991, pp. 23-25. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. NY: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 310-313.

Caragata, Warren. "Crime in Cybercity," Maclean's, May 22, 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 122-125.

Cavanaugh, Michael; Gerbracht; Ted, Kallman, Ernie and Bill Marmon " Whose Email Is It Anyway: Ownership, Privacy and Corporate Policy," a panel discussion at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 28, 1995.

Cavazos, Edward and Gavino Morin. Cyberspace and the Law: Your Rights and Duties in the On-Line World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Eckenwiler, Mark, "In the Eyes of the Law," Internet World, August 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 170-171.

Fodor, John. "CyberEthics," Ethics in the Computer Age: Conference Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 180-187.

Fodor, John. "Action and Accountability in Cyberspace," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27, 1995.

Garfinkel, Simson. "Risks of Social Security Numbers," Communications of the ACM, October 1995, Vol. 38, No. 10, p. 146.

Goode, Joanne and Maggie Johnson. "Putting Out the Flames: The Etiquette and Law of E-Mail," Online, Nov. 1991, pp. 61-65.

Goodman, Seymour. "Computing in South Africa: An End to 'Apartness'?," Communications of the ACM, February 1994. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 207-210.

Gotterbarn, Donald; Harvey, Kathleen; Johnson, Deborah and Robert Melford. "Cyberethics and the Professionalism of Software Engineering and Computer Security," a panel discussion at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27-28, 1995.

Guynes, Carl. "Privacy and Security Issues on the Internet," Computers and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, March 1995, pp. 11-13.

Hafner, Katie and John Markoff. Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1995.

Hendee, Greg. "What I shouldn't Know: The Ethics of Information," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27-28, 1995.

Hollander, Rachelle D. "Ethics, Education and Entertainment on the NII: What Should Research Priorities Be?," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, H5.

Hundley, Richard O. and Robert H. Anderson. "Emerging Challenge: Safety and Security in Cyberspace," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 1995/1996, pp. 19-28.

Kellog, Wendy A.; Carroll, John M. and John T. Richards, "Making Reality a Cyberspace," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 411-432.

Loughney, John. "Managing High-Technology Ethics: Rights vs. Values," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27-28, 1995.

Luengenbiehl, Heinz C. "Developing Computer Ethics Case Studies," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, H4.

Maginn, Richard; Farley, Chris; Caddell, Karen; Gould, Todd and Sandy Pitzak.. "Cyberethics Education: You Have to be More Than Aware," a panel discussion at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27-28, 1995.

Miller, Steve. "Privacy, Civil Liberties, and Encryption: Controlling our Data Integrity," and "Community, diversity and Citizenship: Online Ethics and the Need for Meaningful Correctness," Chaps. 10 and 11 in Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power and the Information Superhighway. NY: ACM Press, 1995.

Nance, Kara and Mahla Strohmaier. "Ethical Accountability in Cyberspace," Ethics in the Computer Age: Conference Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 115-119.

Quittner, Joshua. "Home Pages for Hate," Time, January 22, 1996, p. 69.

Resnik, David. "The Ethics of Cyber Relationships," Computers and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, March 1996, pp. 16-19.

"Responsible Use of Computers and Information Technologies," A Computer and Information Technologies Platform. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), Berkeley Chapter, Peace and Justice Working Group, 1992, pp. 25-26.

Rheingold, Howard. "Electronic Frontiers and Online America," Chap. 9 in The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. NY: HarperPerennial, 1994.

Ross, Susan Mallon. "Electronic Mail: Legal and Ethical Concerns in the United States and Canada," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications, December 1995.

Scott, Thomas; Lelewer, Debra and Ernest Kallman. "Ethical Issues Involving the Internet," Ethics in the Computer Age: Conference Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 31-32.

Shea, Virginia. "Core Rules of Netiquette," EDUCOM Review, September/October 1994. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 109-113.

Sherizen, Sanford. "Securing Information Infrastructure: New Crimes, Criminals, Losses, and Liabilities in the Post-Hacker Era," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, G3.

Stallman, Richard. Keynote Address on Intellectual Property Issues in Cyberspace, presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference -- entitled Virtuous Reality: Cyberethics and the Balance of Individual, Communitarian, and Corporate Interests, Washington, DC, April 27, 1995.

Stallman, Richard; Johnson, David and Helena Kobrin. "Intellectual Property and Anonymity on the Internet," a panel discussion at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27, 1995.

Toufexis, Anatasia. "Romancing the Computer: The First Cyberadultery Suit Shows the Risk of Looking for Love Online," Time, February 19, 1996, p. 53.

van Swaay, Maarten. Magic or Mischief: The Illusion of Cyberspace as a 'Technological Fix'," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27, 1995.

Wagner, Ina. "A Web of Fuzzy Problems: Confronting the Ethical Issues," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 4, June 1993.

Wahl, Nancy. "Protection of Intellectual Property on the National Information Infrastructure," ACM/SIGCAS Symposium on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '96): Conference Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1996, pp. 102-106.

Waller, Douglas. "Spies in Cyberspace," Time, March 20, 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 168-169.

Weckert, John. "Local Codes in a Global Context: Ethical Consistency in the Electronic Community," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 28, 1995.

4.7.4 CyberPolitics: Civil Liberties and Democracy in Cyberspace

Ang, Peng Hwa and Berlinda Nadarajan. "Censorship and the Internet: A Singapore Perspective," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 6, June 1996, pp. 72-78.

Arterton, F. Christopher. Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy? Naebury Park, CA: Sage, 1987. Portions of this work are excerpted as "Teledemocracy Reconsidered," in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, pp. 438-450.

Bacque, James. "Karla's Threat to the Internet," Saturday Night, Vol. 109, No. 8, October, 1994, pp. 30-33.

Barendt, E. Freedom of Speech. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

Barquin, Ramon; LaPorte, Todd and Danny Weitzner. "Democracy in Cyberspace," a panel discussion at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 28, 1995.

Barlow, John Perry. "Property and Speech: Who Owns What You Say in Cyberspace," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 12, December 1995, pp. 19-22.

Berghel, Hal. U.S. Technology Policy in the Information Age," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 6, June 1996, pp. 15-18.

Berleur, Jacques. "Self-Regulation and Democracy in the Cybercommunity," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27, 1995.

Berman, Jerry L. "The Right to Know: Public Access to Electronic Public Information," Software Law Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 1989, pp. 489-530.

Bjerknes, Gro; Ehn, Pelle and Morten Kyng, eds. Computers and Democracy: A Scandinavian Challenge. Brookfield, VT: Aldershot, 1987.

Blasi, V. "The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory," American Bar Research Journal, 1977.

Blasi, V. "The First Amendment and the Ideal of Civic Courage: The Brandeis Opinion in Whitney v. California," William and Mary Law Review, 1988.

Blau, Andrew. "Where the Wire Things Are," in Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing 1992 (DIAC '92): Symposium Proceedings. (ed. Doug Schuler) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1992, pp. 141-142.

Bruckman, Amy. "Democracy in Cyberspace," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium. (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, D4.

Butler, Adam. "Anti-Obscenity Measure in Washington State Seen as a Threat to Internet Services," Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 41, No. 35, May 1995, p. A27.

Chapman, Gary. "White House Goes On-Line," Technology Review, June 1993.

Chapman, Gary and Joel Yudken. "Democratizing Science and Technology Policy," in Setting a New Course for Science and Technology Policy: The 21st Century Project. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 169-189.

"Civil Liberties and Privacy," A Computer and Information Technologies Platform. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), Berkeley Chapter, Peace and Justice Working Group, 1992, pp. 13-15.

Civil Liberties and the Electronic Frontier: Mapping the Terrain. 1991 Conference Report. Computer Professional Responsibility (CPSR), 1992.

Danziger, James; Dutton, William; Kling, Rob and Kenneth Kraemer. Computers and Politics: High Technology in American Local Governments. NY: Columbia University Press, 1982.

DeLoughry, Thomas. "Existing Laws Called Adequate to Bar Children's Access to On-Line Pornography," Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 41, No. 47, August 4, 1995, p. A17.

Denning, Dorothy. The United States Vs. Craig Neidorf: A Debate on Electronic Publishing, Constitutional Rights, and Hacking," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 609-620.

Dibbel, Julian. "Muzzling the Internet: Can this Congress Find a Way to Preserve Civil Liberties While Curbing Cyberporn?," Time, December 18, 1995, p. 75.

Dibbel, Julian. "Taboo, Consensus, and the Challenge of Democracy in an Electronic Forum," Village Voice, December 21, 1993, pp. 36-42. Reprinted in R. Kling, ed. Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 52-568.

Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Cyberpunks and the Constitution," Time, April 8, 1991, p. 81.

Emerson, T. "Towards a General Theory of the First Amendment," Yale Law Review, 1963.

Exon, Jim and The American Civil Liberties Union. "At Issue: Should the Government Crack Down on Pornography on the Internet?," CQ Researcher. Vol. 5, No. 24, June 30, 1995, p. 577.

Feinberg, J. Harm to Others. NY: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Feinberg, J. and H. Gross, eds. Philosophy of Law. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1986.

Flynn, Laurie. "Lurking On-Line: The Electronic Eavesdroppers," The New York Times, June 3, 1995, p. C 8.

Fuller, Steve. "The Political Rhetoric of NII," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, E3.

Gibson, William. "Academy Leader," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 27-31.

Greenawalt, Kent. "Rationales for Freedom of Speech," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 664-678.

Grosso, Andrew. "Why Won't the President Enforce the Constitution?" Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 25-26.

Halal, William. "The New Capitalism," in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, pp. 427-437.

Herring, Susan C. "Gender and Democracy in Computer-Mediated Communication," Electronic Journal of Communication/REC, Vol. 3, No. 2. Reprinted in R. Kling, ed. Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 476-489.

Hopper, Nick. "Politics on the Web: Making Candidates Flies Instead of Spiders," Computers and Society, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1996, pp. 23-26.

Jensen, Eric. "An Electronic Soapbox: Computer Bulletin Boards and the First Amendment," Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 217-258. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 678-693.

Jones, Steven G. "Understanding Community in the Information Age," in S. Jones, ed. CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and the Community. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.

Kapor, Mitchell. "Civil Liberties in Cyberspace," Scientific American, 1991. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 545-650.

Kapor, Mitchell and Jerry Berman. Building the Open Road: The NREN as the Test-Bed for the National Public Network. Washington, DC: The Electronic Frontier Foundation, no date.

Levy, Steven. "Battle of the Clipper Chip," The New York Times Magazine, June 12, 1994. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 651-664.

Locke, John. "A Letter Concerning Toleration," (1689) in John Locke (ed. C. L. Sherman). NY: Appleton Century, 1937.

Locke, John. Book II: Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690). NY: Dutton, 1924.

Markof, John. "U.S. Code Agency is Jostling for Civilian Turf," New York Times, Jan. 24, pp. D1, D5.

Mason, Janet. "Warning: Here Come the Software Police, Across the Board, October 1990. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 109-113.

Meeks, Brock. "Dragging a Kicking-and-Screaming Government into the 21st Century," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 9, 1996, pp. 13-15.

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. London: Oxford University Press, 1859.

Miller, Steve. "Democracy and Free Speech: Online Organizing for Participation and Power," Chap. 9 in Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power and the Information Superhighway. NY: ACM Press, 1995.

Milton, John. Aeropagetica. London: Hunter and Stevens, 1819.

Negroponte, Nicholas. "The Bit Police," Chap. 4 in Being Digital. Alfred Knopf, 1995.

"On a Screen Near You: Cyberporn," Time, July 3, 1995, pp. 38-45.

Penway, Anne Levinson. "Intellectual Freedom: Parks, Streets, Sidewalks and Cyberspace? Free Speech in the New Public Square," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, G1.

"Pulling the Plug on Porn: Can German Laws Limit What We Say Online?," Time, January 8, 1996, p. 62.

Quiltner, James. "Vice Raid on the Net," Time, April 1995, p. 63.

Randels, George. "Virtual Communities and Virtuous Reality," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, Washington, DC, April 27-28, 1995.

Rezmierski, Virginia. "Computers, Pornography, and Conflicting Rights," EDUCOM Review, March/April 1995. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 126-128.

Rheingold, Howard. "Disinformocracy," Chap. 10 in The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. NY: HarperPerennial, 1994.

Rosenberg, Richard S. "Free Speech, Pornography, Sexual Harassment, and Electronic Networks," Information Society, Vol. 9, No. 4, October-December, pp. 285-331.

Scanlon, Thomas. "A Theory of Freedom of Expression," Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1972, pp. 215-216.

Scanlon, Thomas. "Freedom of Expression and Categories of Expression," University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 1979.

Schauer, F. Free Speech: A Philosophical Enquiry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Sclove, Richard. "Democratizing Technology," in Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC '94) Symposium, (ed. Hans Klein) Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), 1994, Appendix.

Sieger, Jonah. "Communications Decency Act is Defeated: Landmark Victory for Netizens," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 8, August 1996, pp. 13-15.

Spinello, Richard. "Free Speech in Cyberspace," a paper presented at the 4th National Computer Ethics Institute Conference, April 27-28, 1995.

Tavani, Herman T. "Civil Liberties and Security in Cyberspace," a paper presented at the Software Association of New Hampshire (SWANH) Special Interest Group on Computer Security (SIG-CS) meeting, September 17, 1996.

Weis, Elizabeth. "When Free Speech Isn't So Free Anymore," San Francisco Examiner, Aug. 22, 1994, p. D1.

Wyman-Jones, Vaughn. "Is There Freedom in Decency?," Texas Computing, July 1995, pp. 16-17.