4.5 Computer Crime and Computer Abuse

Section 10.1 lists sources that examine the nature of computer crime and the profile of the computer criminal. Works that focus on issues related to hacking, "cracking," "hacker ethics," and "hacker's rights" are cited in Section 10.2. Entries in this section also examine issues related to computer security. Section 10.3 includes a list of works that address ethical and social issues associated with computer "viruses" and related forms of computer sabotage. Works cited in Section 10.4 focus on issues associated with software piracy.

Ball, Leslie D. "Computer Crime," Technology Review, April 1982. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 533-545.

Bequai, August. Computer Crime. NY: Heath and Company, 1978.

Bequai, August. Technocrimes: The Computerization of Crime and Terrorism. Lexington, MA:

Lexington Books, 1987.

Bloombecker, J., ed. "The Trial of Computer Crime," International Business Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1981, pp. 429-432.

Bloombecker, J. The Computer Crime Law Reporter. Los Angeles, CA: California State University, 1984.

Bologna, Jack. Corporate Fraud: The Basics of Prevention and Detection. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth Publishers, 1984.

Boyd, J. and A. Hawley. "Computer Crime," Computer Law and Practices, Vol. 5, 1989, pp. 190-191.

Burgess, John, "FBI Uncovers Massive Theft, Fraud, at IBM," The Boston Globe, September 23, 1993.

Chen, Christopher D. "Computer Crime and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986," Computer Law Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 71-86.

Ciongoli, Adam G. "Computer Related Crimes," American Criminal Law Review, Spring 1994.

Coldwell, R. A. "University Students' Attitudes Towards Computer Crime: A Research Note," Computers and Society, Vol. 23, Nos. 1-2, July 1993, pp. 11-14.

Conwall, Hugo. Datatheft: Computer Fraud, Industrial Espionage and Information Crimes. London: Heinemann, 1987.

Dahl, Mary Karen. "The National Crime Information Center: A Case Study in National Databases," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1988, pp. 2-15.

Daly, James. "Tougher Computer Crime Laws Sought," Computerworld, April 5, 1993.

Davies, D. "The Nature of Computer Crimes," Computer and Law, Vol. 2, July 1991, pp. 8-13.

Doswell, R. and G. L. Simmons. Fraud and Abuse of IT Systems. Manchester, UK: National Computing Center, 1986.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Who Are The Computer Criminals and Why Do They Do It," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 41-44.

Hafner, Katie and John Markoff. Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1995.

Hearnden, Keith. "Computer Criminals are Human, Too," Long Range Planning, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1986. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 415-426. Also reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 212-224.

Hollinger, R. C. and L. Lanza-Kaduce. "The Process of Criminalization: The Case of Computer Crime Laws," Criminology, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1988, pp. 101-126.

Johnson, W. "Information Espionage: An Old Problem With a New Face," Computerworld, Vol. 23, No. 43, October 1989.

Kizza, Joseph. "Combating Computer Crimes: A Long Time Strategy," in Proceedings of the 1994 ACM/SIGCAS Conference: Ethics in the Computer Age. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 166-169.

Kling, Rob. "Computer Abuse and Computer Crime as Organizational Activities," Computers and Law Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 403-427.

Krauss, Leonard I. and Aileen MacGahan. Computer Fraud and Countermeasures. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1979.

Mandell, Steven L. "Computer Crime" in Computers, Data Processing and the Law. NY: West Publishing Co., 1984. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 342-354.

Oz, Effy. "Computer Crime," Chap. 5 in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994.

Parker, Donn B. Crime by Computer. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976.

Parker, Donn B. Fighting Computer Crime. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983.

Parker, Donn B. Computer Crime: Criminal Justice Resources Manual. 2nd ed. National Institute of Justice, August 1989.

Rosenberg, Richard. "Computers and the Law," Chap. 8 in The Social Impact of Computing. Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1992.

Roth, J. "Computer Crime," in J. Roth, ed. Ethics (an Encyclopedia). Englewood Cliffs, Salem Press Inc., 1994, pp. 177-178.

Sacco, V. F. and E. Zureik. "Correlates of Computer Misuse: Data From a Self-Reporting Sample," Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 9, 1990, pp. 353-369. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issue in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 194-211.

Sheridan, J. H. "Is There a Computer Criminal Working for You?," in H. Watson, A. Carol and R. Mann, eds. Information Systems for Management: A Book of Readings. NY: Plano Business Publications, 1987, pp. 499-511.

Tettenborn, A. "Some Legal Aspects of Computer Abuse," The Company Lawyer, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1981, pp. 147-254.

Tinnin, David. "How IBM Stung Hitachi," Fortune, Vol. 107, 1983, pp. 50-56. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 331-341.

Van Duyn, Julia. The Human Factor in Computer Crime. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1985.

Wessells, Michael G. "Crime by Computer," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 126-135.

Whiteside, Thomas. Computer Capers: Tales of Electronic Thievery, Embezzlement, and Fraud. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1978.

4.5.2 Hacking And Computer Security

Adelaide, J., et al. "Acid Phreak, and Phiber Optik, Is Computer Hacking a Crime?," Harper's Magazine, Vol. 280, March 1990, pp. 45-47.

Anderson, Ian. "Hacker Runs Ring Around Military Security," New Scientist, April 28, 1988.

Baird, B. J.; Baird, L. L., and R. P. Ranauro. "The Moral Cracker," Computer Security, Vol. 6, 1987, pp. 471-478.

Barker, Richard. Computer Security Handbook. 2nd ed. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Reference Books, 1991.

Barlow, John P. "Crime and Puzzlement," Whole Earth Review, Fall 1990, pp. 45-56.

Betts, M. "Strategic Systems: Pitfalls in Stopping Competitors," Computerworld, August 1989.

Bloombecker, J. "New Federal Law Bolsters Computer Security Efforts," Computerworld, October 27, 1986, pp. 53-62.

Broad, William J. "The Chaos Factor," Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, January/February 1983, pp. 41-49.

Bromberg, Craig. "In Defense of Hackers," The New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1991, p. 44.

Bynum, T.; Maner, W., and J. Fodor, eds. Computing Security. (Part of the Proceedings of the National Conference on Computing and Values) New Haven, CT: Research Center on Computing and Society (RCCS), 1992.

Computer Security Act of 1987. Congressional Record -- U.S. House of representatives, Washington, D.C., June 22, 1987, H5339.

Computer Security Handbook: The Practitioner's "Bible." 4th ed. Northborough, MA: Computer Security Institute, 1987.

Cutera, Teri A. "Computer Networks, Libel and the First Amendment," Computer Law Journal, December 1992, pp. 555-583.

Denning, Dorothy. "Concerning Hackers Who Break Into Computer Systems," Proceedings of the 13th National Computer Security Conference, October 1990.

Denning, Dorothy. "Hacker Ethics," a paper presented at the National Conference on Computing and Values. New Haven, CT: Research Center on Computing and Society (RCCS), August 1991.

Denning, Dorothy. "The United States vs. Craig Neidorf, A Debate on Electronic Publishing, Constitutional Rights and Hacking," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1991, pp. 23-32.

Denning, Dorothy and Frank Drake. "A Dialog on Hacking and Security," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 120-125.

Dyson, Esther. "Hacker's Rights," Forbes Magazine, January 7, 1991.

Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Invasion of the Data Snatchers," Time, September 26, 1988, p. 62.

Epstein, Keith C. "Hacking: 2 State Bulletin Boards Aid Computer Break-ins," Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 4, 1985, pp. 1-8.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Ethical Issues Arising From Hacking," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 99-104.

Gangialosi, Charles. "The Electronic Underground: Computer Privacy and Electronic Bulletin Boards," Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, Vol. 15 1989, pp. 265-301.

Gramp, F. T. and R. H. Morris. "Unix Operating System Security, AT&T Bell Laboratories. Journal of Technology, Vol. 63, No. 8., 1984.

Granger, Sarah. "The Hacker Ethic," in Proceedings of the 1994 ACM/SIGCAS Conference: Ethics in the Computer Age. NY: ACM Press, pp. 7-9.

Hitt, J. and P. Tough. "Is Computer Hacking a Crime?," Harper Magazine, March 1980, pp. 45-57.

Johnson, Deborah G. "Hacker Ethics," in Computer Ethics. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 112-118.

Kapor, Mitchell. "Civil Liberties in Cyberspace," Scientific American. Vol. 265, No. 3, 1991, pp. 158-164.

Kapor, Mitchell. "A Little Perspective Please," Forbes Magazine, June 21, 1993.

Landreth, B. Out of the Inner Circle: The True Story of a Computer Intruder Capable of Cracking the Nation's Most Secure Computer Systems. NY: Microsoft Press, 1989.

Lawren, Bill. "Breaking and Entering: Did the Government Confiscate Hackers' Rights in its Raids on Computer Crime," Omni, December, 1990.

Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. NY: Anchor Doubleday, 1984.

Lewyn, Mark. "Why the Legion of Doom Has Little to Fear of the Feds," Business Week, April 15, 1991, p. 31.

Martin, James. Security, Accuracy, and Privacy in Computer Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973.

Moulton, Rolf. T. Computer Security Handbook: Strategies and Techniques for Preventing Loss or Theft. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

Moses, Jonathan, M. "Wiretap Inquiry Spurs Computer Hacker Charges," The Wall Street Journal, July 9, 1992.

Norman, Adrian. Computer Insecurity. NY: Chapman and Hall, 1983.

Osmundsen, Sheila. "Security in a PC Network Age," Digital News, June 8, 1992.

Oz, Effy. "Hacking," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 113-117.

Raymond, Eric. The New Hacker's Dictionary. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Rothfeder, Jeffery. "Holes in the Net," Corporate Computing, May 1993.

Samuelson, Pamela. "Can Hackers Be Sued for Damages Caused by Computer Viruses?," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 32, No. 6, June 1989, pp. 666, 668-669.

Samuelson, Pamela. "First Amendment Rights for Information Providers," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 19-23.

Schwartz, John. "The Hacker Dragnet," Newsweek, April 30, 1990, p. 50.

Seely, Don. "Password Cracking: A Game of Wits," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 32, No. 6, June 1989.

Spafford, Eugene. "Is a Computer Break-In Ever Ethical?," Information Technology Quarterly, Vol. 9, 1990, pp. 9-4.

Spafford, Eugene. "Are Computer Hacker Break-ins Ethical?," The Journal of Systems and Software, January 1992, Vol. 17, pp. 41-47.

Spinello, Richard. "Ethical Issues in Information Security," Chap. 7 in Ethical Aspects of Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Sterling, Bruce. The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. NY: Bantam Books, 1992.

Stoll, Clifford. The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking A Spy Through The Maze of Computer Espionage. NY: Doubleday, 1989.

Stoll, Clifford. "The Cuckoo's Egg Revisited," Byte, June 1993.

Stoll, Clifford. "Stalking the Wily Hacker," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 5, May 1988, pp. 484-497. Reprinted in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 533-553.

Turkle, Sherry. "Hackers: Loving the Machine for Itself," Chap. 6 in The Second Self. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

Wessells, Michael G. "Protecting Security," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 135-142.

Zachary, Pascal. "Group to Defend Civil Rights of Hackers Founded by Computer Industry Pioneer," The Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1990.

4.5.3 Viruses And Computer Sabotage

Andrews, Rodney D. "Computer Crime: The Worm in the Apple," in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 229-258.

Bixby, Robert. "The State of the Virus," Compute! February 1993, pp. 70-76.

Branscomb, Anne W. Rogue Computer Programs -- Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses, and Time Bombs: Pranks, Prowess, Protection or Prosecution?. Harvard Center for Information Policy Research, 1989.

Cohen, Fred. "Computer Viruses: Theory and Experiments," in J. Finch and E. Dougall, eds. Computer Security: A Global Challenge. Elsevier: North-Holland, 1984, pp. 143-157.

"CPSR Responds to the Internet Computer Viruses," CPSR Newsletter. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 199-201.

Dane, Abe. "Doom Virus," Popular Mechanics, June 1995, pp. 51-56.

Denning, Peter J. "The Science of Computing: Computer Viruses," American Scientist, Vol. 76, No. 4, May/June 1988, pp. 236-238. Reprinted in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 554-559.

Denning, Peter J., ed. Computers Under Attack: Intruders, Worms and Viruses. Reading, MA: ACM Press/Addison-Wesley, 1990.

Dvorak, John. "Virus Wars: A Serious Warning," PC Magazine, February, 1988, p. 71.

Eisenberg, T. et al., "The Cornell Commission: On Morris and the Worm," Communications of the ACM, June 1989.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "The Virus Invasion," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 90-99.

Hoffman, Lance. Rogue Programs: Viruses, Worms and Trojan Horses. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

King, Kenneth M. "Overreaction to External Attacks on Computer Systems Could be More Harmful than the Viruses Themselves," The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 23, 1988.

Kluth, Daniel J. "The Computer Virus Threat: A Survey of Current Criminal Statutes," Hamline Law Review, Vol. 13, Spring 1990, pp. 297-312.

Levin, R. Computer Virus Handbook. NY: McGraw Hill, 1990.

Markoff, John. "U.S. Moving to Restrict Access to Facts About Computer Virus," The New York Times, November 11, 1988.

Markoff, John. "Virus Outbreaks Thwart Computer Experts," The New York Times, May 30, 1989, p. C1.

Matcho, Mark. "Virus Update," Security Management. March 1996, pp. 13-14.

McAfee, J. and C. Haynes. Computer Viruses, Worms, Data Didlers, Killer Programs and Other Threats to your System. NY: St. Matin's Press, 1989.

Oz, Effy. Program Damage: Viruses, Trojan Horses, Worms, and Logic Bombs," in Ethics for the Information Age, Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 103-113.

Parker, Donn B. "The Many Faces of Data Vulnerability," IEEE SPECTRUM, May 1984, pp. 46-48.

Peterzell, Jay. "Spying and Sabotage by Computer," Time, March 20, 1989.

Rochlis, John A. and Mark W. Eichin. "With Microscope and Tweezers: The Worm from MIT's Perspective," Communications of the ACM, June 1989, pp. 689-698.

Rheingold, Howard. "Computer Viruses," Whole Earth Review, September 22, 1988.

Rotenberg, Mark. "Computer Virus Legislation," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 135-147.

Schmeridewaind, John. "The Virus Perpetrator: Criminal or Hero?," The San Francisco Chronicle, November 23, 1988, p. C1.

Seely, D. "A Tour of the Worm," Proceedings of the Winter 1989 Usenix Conference. Berkeley, CA: The Usenix Association, 1989.

Spafford, Eugene. "The Internet Worm: Crisis and Aftermath," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 32, June 1989, pp. 678-698.

Spafford, Eugene. "An Analysis of the Internet Worm ," in C. Ghezzi and J. A. McDermid, eds. Proceedings of the 2nd European Software Engineering Conference. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 446-468.

Spafford, E. H., K. A. Heaphy and D. J. Ferbache. Computer Viruses: Dealing With Electronic Vandalism and Programmed Threats. Arlington, VA: ADAPSO, 1989.

Stang, D. J. Computer Viruses. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Computer Security Association, 1990.

Wack, John P. and Lisa J. Carnahan. Computer Viruses and Related Threats: A Management Guide. Washington, DC: NIST Special Publication, 1989.

4.5.4 Software Piracy And Illegal Software

Christensen, Anne L. and Martha M. Eining. "Factors Influencing Software Piracy: Implications for Accountants," The Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 67-80.

Christensen, Anne L. and Martha M. Eining. "Instructional Case: Software Piracy -- Who Does it Impact," Issues in Accounting Education, Vol. 9, No. 1, Spring 1994, pp. 151-159.

Clapes, Anthony L. SOFTWARS: The Legal Battles for Control of the Global Software Industry. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1993.

Cobb, Nathan. "Online Outlaw?" The Boston Globe, April 27, 1994, pp. 61-64.

DiNacci, D. "Software Piracy: Is Your Company Liable?," Business, October 1985, pp. 34-38.

Eining, Martha M. and Anne L. Christensen. "A Psycho-Social Model of Software Piracy: The Development and Test of a Model," in R. Dejoie et al, eds. Ethical Issues In Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 182-188.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "The Problem of Software Piracy," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 51-57.

Green, Kenneth C. and Steven W. Gilbert. "Software Piracy: Its Costs and Consequences," Change, January/February 1987, pp. 47-49.

Hebditch, David. "Pirate's Paradice: Shopping for Software, Bootlegged or Basic, Can be a Real Experience in Hong Kong," Datamation, Vol. 32, No. 17, September 1, 1986, pp. 71-72.

Howe, Charles L. "Circling the Wagon's: The Industry is Turning to Litigation in an Attempt to Stop the Hemorrhage of Pirated Intellectual Properties," Datamation, Vol. 32, May 15, 1986, pp. 42-45.

Hughes, G. "Unauthorized Copying is not 'Piracy' in Australia," Computer Law & Practice, September/October 1986.

Im, J. H. and C. M. Koen. "Software Piracy and Responsibilities of Educational Institutions," Information and Management, Vol. 18, 1990, pp. 189-194.

Karon, Paul. "Software Industry Groups Set Sail Against Pirates in Academe," PC Week, Vol. 3, December 9, 1986, pp. 61-62.

Kano, Nadine. "Battling the Blackbeards of Software," Microsoft Developer Network News, January 1994, p. 5.

Markoff, John. "Though Illegal, Copied Software is Now Common," The New York Times, July 27, 1992, pp. A1, D3.

Oz, Effy. "The Attitude of Managers-To-Be Toward Software Piracy," OR/MS Today, Vol. 17, No. 4, August 1990, pp. 24-26.

Oz, Effy. "Software Piracy," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 76-88.

Parker, Rachel. "Coalition to Combat Software Piracy: Publishers Pursue Hong Kong Counterfeiters," InfoWorld, December 7, 1987, p. 5.

Parker, Rachel. "Publishers Take on Software Piracy in Academia," InfoWorld, October 19, 1987, p. 49.

Posner, Ronald S. and George T. DeBakey. "Software Piracy Limits U.S. Export Growth," Business America, Vol. 9, June 9, 1986.

Schneider, Jerry. "Users Must Take Responsibility to Control the Illegal Copying of Software," InfoWorld, October 5, 1987.

Scott, M. D. "A Pirate's Haven in Hong Kong," The National Law Journal, August 29, 1988.

Shim, J. P. and G. Stephen Taylor. "A Comparative Study of Unauthorized Software Copying: Information Systems Faculty Members' vs. Practicing Manager's Perceptions," in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues In Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 189-198.

Solomon, Susan and James O'Brien. "The Effect of Demographic Factors on Attitudes Toward Software Piracy," Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1990, pp. 40-46. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 161-181.

Sterne, R. G. and P. J. Snidman. "Computers and the Law: Copying Mass-Marketed Software, Byte, Vol. 10, No. 2, February 1985, pp. 387-390.

Swinyard, W. R. and A. Keng Kau. "The Morality of Software Piracy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis," Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1990, pp. 655-664. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 497-509.

Ticer, Scott. "Software Pirates Beware: Borkin is Out for Blood," Business Week, June 16, 1986, p. 83.

Warner, Edward. "U.S. Attempts to Take Wind from Asian Software Pirates' Sails," Computerworld, Vol. 70, No. 18, 1986, pp. 289-297.

Wilson, D. S. "Software Rental Piracy and Copyright Protection," Computer Law Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 1984, pp. 125-141.