Section 9.1 identifies sources that focus on issues related to computers and social equity. The impact of computer technology on the poor (or "have-nots"), racial minorities, and third world nations are examined in works cited in this section. Sources that consider gender issues related to the use of computers and information technology are listed in Section 9.2. Section 9.3 includes entries that look at social and ethical issues associated with computers and education. Sources that focus on ways in which computers have been used and abused in politics and political elections are listed in Section 9.4.

4.4.1 Computers And Equity: Race, Culture And Social Class

Anderson, Ronald E,; Lundmark, Vicki; Harris, Linda and Shon Magnan. "Equity in Computing," in C. Huff and T. Fineholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing: Putting Computers in Their Place. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 352-385.

Baldwin, George. "Preserving Native Culture in Post-Industrial Society: American Indian Telecommunications," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 15-16.

Bell, Daniel. "The Social Framework of the Information Society," in Tom Forester, ed. The Microelectronics Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980.

Bereano, Philip. "Technology and Human Freedom," Science For the People, November/December 1984, pp. 132-43. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 278-286.

Beuschel, Werner. "New Perspectives on Computer Science in Germany," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 9-10.

Bjorn-Andersen, Niels et al., eds. Information Society: For Richer for Poorer. London: North Holland, 1982.

Burnham, David. "Power," Chap. 4. in The Rise of the Computer State. NY: Random House, 1980.

Bynum, T.; Manner W., and J. Fodor, eds. Equity and Access to Computing Resources. (Part of the Proceedings of the National Conference on Computing and Values.) New Haven, CT: Research Center on Computing and Society (RCCS), 1992.

Clark, Judi. "A World of Perspectives on the Growing Information Infrastructure," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 1-2.

"Computers May Widen Gap in School Between Rich and Poor," Wall Street Journal, May 26, 1983.

Davis, Jim. "Focus on Computers and the Poor: A Brand New Poverty," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 3, Fall 1993.

d'Errico, Reter; Medina, Daniel: Tayac, Gabrielle and Gary Trujillo. "NativeNet: Computer Network For and About Native Peoples," CPSR Newsletter (Special Double Issue on Local Civic Networks), Vol. 10, Nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1992, pp. 14-15.

Faflick, Philip. "Peering into the Poverty Gap," in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1985, pp. 281-283.

Faruqui, Aktar Mahmud. "Science and Technology: The Third World's Dilemma," Impact of Science on Society, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1986.

Fulda, Joseph. "Technological Advances: Who Benefits Most," Computers and Society, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 1994, pp. 6-9.

Furger, Roberta. Unequal Distribution: The Information Haves and Have-Nots," PC World, September 1994.

George, Joey F. and John L. King. "Examining the Computing and Centralization Debate," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 7, July 1991, pp. 62-72.

Gordon, Peter. "The Need for Public Access," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 12-13.

Hancock, LynNell. "The Haves and the Have-Nots," Newsweek, February 27, 1995, p. 50.

Hauser, Ralf. "A Perspective from Switzerland," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, p. 12.

Hellman, Harold. Technophobia: Getting Out of the Technological Trap. NY: M. Evans and Co., 1976.

Johnson, Deborah G. "Computers and Power," Chap. 5 in Computer Ethics. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1985.

Johnson, Deborah G. "Equal Access to Computing, Computer Expertise, and Decision Making About Computers," Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 4, Nos. 3 & 4, 1985b, pp. 95-103. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Technology. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 210-218.

Johnson, Robert. "Science, Technology, and Black Community Development," in A. Teich, ed. Technology and the Future. 6th ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 265-282.

Khosrowpour, Mehdi, ed. Managing Social and Economic Change with Information Technology. Ideas Group Publishing, 1994.

Kling, Rob. "Computers and Social Power," in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 170-180.

Kling, Rob and Walt Sacchi. "The Web of Computing: Computer Technology as Social Organization," Advances in Computers (Vol. 21). NY: Academic Press, 1982.

Kumon, Shumpei. "A Japanese Perspective on the Significance of the Information Revolution," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 3-6.

Machanick, Philip. "Computer Science in the New South Africa," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 14-15.

Mazur, Allan. "Controlling Technology," in A. Teich, ed. Technology and the Future. 6th ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 215-228.

Nilsson, Erik. "Bits of the South African Election," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 16-18.

Oz, Effy. "Societal Impact of Information Technology," Chap. 3 in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994.

Parrella, Bernardo. "ALCEI: An Essential Tool for Italian Electronic Citizens," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, p. 13.

Rada, Juan. "A Third world Perspective," in Guenter Friedrichs and Adam Schaff, eds. Microelectronics and Society: A Report to the Club of Rome. NY: Pergamon Press, 1982, pp. 203-231.

Rada, Juan. "Information Technology and the Third World," a paper presented at IFAC Seminar, Vienna, Austria, March 1983. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 262-277.

Ratan, Suneel. "A New Divide Between Haves and Have Nots?," Time (Special Issue: Welcome to Cyberspace), Spring 1995, pp. 25-26.

Schiller, Herbert I. "Computer System: Power for Whom and for What?," in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 242-255.

Schware, R. and Z. Choudhury. "The Role of IT in Third World Development," in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 502-508.

Shailken, Harley. "High Tech Goes Third World," Technology Review, January 1988, pp. 39-47.

Simon, Herbert, A. "The Consequences of Computers for Centralization and Decentralization," in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 257-269.

Steinhardt, Gerald. "Tele-Racism: The Role of IT in Making Images Socially Acceptable," in A. Clement et al., eds. NetWORKing, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993.

Wessells, Michael G. "Impact on the Third World," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 91-97.

Whistler, T. The Impact of Power on Organization. NY: Praeger, 1970.

Whitcomb, Coralee. "DIAC '94: Developing an Equitable and Open Information Infrastructure," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 3, Summer 1994, pp. 13-14.

Winner, Langdon. "Mythinformation in the High-Tech Era," IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1984, pp. 90-96.

Arch, E. C. and D. E. Cummins. "Structured and Unstructured Exposures to Computers: Sex Differences in Attitude and Use Among College Students," Sex Roles, Vol. 20, Nos. 5-6, 1989, pp. 245-254.

Baker, E. Technology and Women's Work. NY: Columbia University Press, 1973.

Becker, H. J. "Men and Women as Computer Using Teachers," Sex Roles, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, 1985, pp. 137-148.

Bush, Corlann Gee. "Women and the Assessment of Technology," in A. Teich, ed. Technology and the Future. 6th ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 192-214.

Clark, Valerie and Joy Teague. "A Psychological Perspective on Gender Differences in Computing Participation," SIGCSE Bulletin, March 1994.

Cockburn, Cynthia. Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change. London: Pluto Press, 1983.

Cockburn, Cynthia. Machinery of Dominance: Women and Technical Know-How. London: Pluto Press, 1985.

Cowan, Ruth Schwartz. "Less Work for Mother," in A. Teich, ed. Technology and the Future. 6th ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 329-339.

Deakin, Rose. Women and Computing: The Golden Opportunity. London: MacMillan Press, 1984.

Downing, Hazel. "Word Processors and the Oppression of Women," in T. Forester, ed. The Microelectronics Revolution: The Complete Guide to the New Technology and Its Impact on Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980, pp. 275-287.

Faulkner, Wendy and Erik Arnold, eds. Smothered by Invention: Technology in Women's Lives. London: Pluto Press, 1985.

Frenkel, K. A. "Women and Computing," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 11, November 1990, pp. 34-46.

Fuentes, Annette and Barbara Ehrenreich. Women in the Global Factory. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1983.

Gerver, Elisabeth. "Computers and Gender," Chap. 2 in Humanizing Technology. NY: Plenum Press, 1985. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 481-501.

Greenbaum, J. "The Head and the Heart: Using Gender Analysis to Study the Social Construction of Computer Ayatems," Computers and Society, Vol. 20, No. 2, June 1990, pp. 9-17.

Gurer, Denise W. "Pioneering Women in Computer Science," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 45-49.

Gutek, B. A. "Women's Work in the Office of the Future," in J. Zimmerman, ed. The Technological Woman: interfacing with Tomorrow. NY: Praeger, 1983, pp. 159-168.

Hawkins, J. "Computers and Girls: Rethinking the Issues," Sex Roles, Vol. 13, April 1985, pp. 165-180.

Heeter, Carrie. "Gender Differences and VR," Virtual Reality World, March/April 1994.

Hess, R. D. and I. T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment in Computer Camps and Classes," Sex Roles, Vol. 13, April 1985, pp. 193-203.

Huff, C. and J. Cooper. "Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effects of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 17, 1987, pp. 519-532.

Huff, C.; Flemming, J. H., and J. Cooper. "Gender Differences in Human-Computer Interaction," in C. D. Martin and E. Murchie-Beyma, eds. In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for Computer Education. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technical Education (ISTE), 1992, pp. 19-32.

Isaacs, Ellen. Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Literature Review," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 58-59.

Jagacinski, C. M.; Lebold W. K., and G. Slavendy. "Gender Differences in Persistence in Computer Related Fields," Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1988, pp. 185-202.

Kantrowitz, Barbara. "Men, Women, & Computers," Newsweek, May 16, 1994.

Klawe , Maria and Nancy Leveson. "Women in Computing: Where Are We Now," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 29-35.

Levin, T. and C. Gordon. "Effect of Gender and Computer Experience on Attitudes Toward Computers," Journal of Educational Computer Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1989, pp. 69-88.

Lloyd, Anne and Liz Newell. "Women and Computers," in Wendy Faulkner and Erik Arnold, eds. Smothered by Invention: Technology in Women's Lives. London: Pluto Press, 1985.

Lockheed, Marlaine E. and Steven B. Frakt. "Sex Equity: Increasing Girls' Use of Computers," The Computer Teacher, Vol. 11, No. 8, April 1984, pp. 16-18.

Magarey, S. "Women and Technological Change," Australian Feminist Studies, Vol. 1, 1985, pp. 91-103.

Martin, C. Dianne and Eric Murchie-Beyma, eds. In Search of Gender Free Paradigms for Computer Science. Eugene, Oregon: International Society for Technology in Education, 1992.

Menzies, H. Women and the Chip: Case Studies of the Effects of Informatics on Employment in Canada. Montreal, Canada: Institute for Public Policy.

Miles, Ian. Home Informatics: Information Technology and the Transformation of Everyday Life. London: Printer, 1988.

Nisonen, Elsie. "Women's Safety Audit Guide -An Action Plan and a Grass Roots Community Development Tool," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 3, Summer 1994, p. 7.

Pearl, Amy, ed. "Introduction to 'Women in Computing'," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 1995, pp. 26-28.

Pearl, A., M. Pollack, E. Riskin, B. Thomas, E. Wolf, and A. Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist: A Report by the ACM Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Science," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 11, November 1990, pp. 46-57.

Rothschild, Joan. "A Feminist Perspective on Technology and the Future, " Women's Studies International Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1981, pp. 65-74.

Temple, L. and H. M. Lips. "Gender Differences and Similarities in Attitudes Toward Computers," Computers and Human Behavior, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1989, pp. 215-226.

Truman, Gregory and Jack Baroudi. "Gender Differences in Information Systems Managerial Ranks," MIS Quarterly, June 1994.

Van Gelder, Lindsey. "The Strange Case of the Electronic Lover," Ms. Magazine, October 1985, pp. 94-124.

Walshok, Mary Lindenstein. "Blue Collar Women," in A. Teich, ed. Technology and the Future. 6th ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993, pp. 256-264.

Werneke, Diane. Microelectronics and Office Jobs: The Impact of the Chip on Women's Employment," Geneva: International Labor Office, 1983. Reprinted as "Women: the Vulnerable Group," in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 400-416.

Wessells, Michael G. "Values, Equity, and Gender," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 242-249.

Zientra, Marguerite. Women, Technology and Power. NY: Amacom Press, 1988.

Zimmerman, Jan. The Technological Women: Interfacing with Tomorrow. NY: Praeger, 1983.

Zimmerman, Jan. "Women in Computing: Meeting the Challenge in an Automated Industry," Interface Age, Vol. 12, December 1983, pp. 86-88.

Zimmerman, Jan. Once Upon the Future. Methuen, MA: Pandora press, 1986.

Apple, Michael. "Computers and the Deskilling of Teaching," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 3; 5.

Applebome, Peter. "Computers in All Classrooms? Educators Disagree," New York Times, January 25, 1996, p. A9.

Alvarado, Anthony J. "Computer Education for ALL Students," The Computing Teacher, Vol. 11, No. 8, April 1984, pp. 14-15.

Anderson, John R.; Boyle, C. Franklin, and Brian J. Reiser. "Intelligent Tutoring Systems," Science, April 26, 1985, pp. 456-462.

Anderson, Ronald E.; Welch, Wayne W., and Linda J. Harris. "Inequities in Opportunities for Computer Literacy," The Computing Teacher, Vol. 11, No. 8, April 1984, pp. 10-12.

Balkovich, Edward; Lerman, Steven, and Richard P. Parmelee. "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 11, November 1985, pp. 1214-1224.

Barakett, Joyce and Larry Procher. "The Effects of Computer Use on Early Childhood Socialization," Computers and Society, Vol. 16, No. 4, Winter/Spring, 1987, pp. 19-27.

Bass, Allison, B. "Computers in the Classroom," Technology Review, April 1987, pp. 52-64. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 237-248.

Becker, H. J. and C. W. Sterling. "Equity in School Computer Use: National Data and Neglected Considerations," Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1987, pp. 289-311.

Bell, Philip and Judith Stern. "NII in Education: Access Isn't Enough," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 4-5.

Biraimah, Karen. "The Non-Neutrality of Educational Computer Software," Computer Education, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1993.

Bork, Alfred. Personal Computers for Education. NY: Harper and Row, 1985.

Bozeman, William C. and Jess E. House. "Microcomputers in Education: The Second Decade," T. H. E. Journal, February 1988, pp. 82-86.

Brand, Mike; Steiner, Marc, and Ed Zeidman. "Can't We Educate All Our Children?" CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, p. 6.

Bromley, Hank. "The Social Context of Educational Computing," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 7-9; 13.

Broughton, John N. "The Surrender of Control: Computer Literacy as Political Socialization of the Child," in Douglas Sloan, ed. The Computer in Education: A Critical Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press, 1984, pp. 102-122.

Bynum, T., W. Manner, and J. Fodor, eds. Computer Ethics Issues in Academic Computing. (Part of the Proceedings of the National Conference on Computing and Values) New Haven, CT: Research Center on Computing and Society (RCCS), 1992.

Cisler, Steve. "Access Issues for the National Research and education Network (NREN)," in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 386-398.

Computing Curricula 1991: Report of the ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force. NY: ACM Press, 1991.

Cuban, Larry "The Promise of the Computer," in C. Huff and T. Holt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 522-546.

Dede, Christopher. "Educational and Social Implications," Programmed Learning and Educational Technology. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 242-257.

Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Stuart E. Dreyfus. "Putting Computers in Their Proper Place: Analysis versus Intuition in the Classroom," in Douglas Sloan, ed. The Computer in Education: A Critical Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press, 1984, pp. 40-63.

Dyrli, Odvard Egil. "The Internet: Bringing Global Resources to the Classroom," Technology & Learning, October 1993, pp. 50-58.

Ely, Donald and Tejerd Plomp. "The Promise of Educational Technology: A Reassessment," in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 248-261.

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Hamalainen, Matti; Whinston, Andrew B., and Svetlana Vishik. "Electronic Markets for Learning," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 6, June 1996, pp. 51-58.

Harvey, Brian. "A Limiting Technology," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 10-12.

Heath, Charlotte. "Making Peace With the PC," School Library Journal, October 1993, p. 60.

Hoadley, Christopher and Sherry Hsi. "A Chance for Change," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 10; 12-13.

Kinnanaman, E. Danielle. "The Children's Machine," Technology Review, July 1993.

Martinez, Michael. "Access to Information Technologies among School-Age Children: Implications for a Democratic Society," Journal of the American Society For Information Science, Vol. 45, No. 6, 1994.

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Pierce, Benjamin and Holly Murray. "Computers in Education," Summary of Panel Discussion, Annual Meeting of CPSR, 1989. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 219-221.

Poole, Gary Andrew. "A New Gulf in American Education, the Digital Divide: Power Macs and the Internet for Some; Outdated Technology for Others," New York Times, January 29, 1996, p. C3.

Rockman, Saul. "In School or Out: Technology, Equity, and the Future of Our Kids," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 6, June 1995, pp. 25-29.

Rosenberg, Richard. "Computers and Education," Chap. 6 in The Social Impact of Computing. Boston. MA: Academic Press, 1992.

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Shields, Mark A. Work and Technology in Higher Education: The Social Construction of Academic Computing. NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

Sloan, Douglas, ed. The Computer in Education: A Critical Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press, 1984.

Soloway, Elliot. "Log on Education: Teachers are the Key," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 6, June 1996, pp. 11-14.

Stern, Judith. Technology in Education: Everybody's Business," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 1-2.

Sutton, R. E. "Equity and Computers in the Schools: A Decade of Research," Review of Educational Research, Vol. 6, No. 14, 1991, pp. 475-503.

Taylor, Robert P., ed. The Computer in the School: Tutor, Tute, and Tool. NY: Teacher's College Press, Columbia University, 1980.

Tucker, Allen B., et al. "A Summary of the ACM/IEEE CS Joint Curriculum Task Force Report," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 70-84.

Turner, A. Joe. "Introduction to the Joint Curriculum Task Force Report," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 6, June 1991, pp. 69-70.

Von Hoffman, Nicholas. "Lessons of the Virtual Classroom," Architectural Digest, May 1995, p. 90.

Wessells, Michael G. "Computers in the Curriculum," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 228-242.

Woodbury, Marsha. " A Quick Look at the Costs and Benefits of Computers in Higher Education," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 15-17.

Yazdani, M. "Artificial Intelligence and Education," in S. Gil, ed. Artificial Intelligence for Society. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1986, pp. 199-208.

Agboh, Dennis. "The Use and Impact of Computer Technology on Political Elections," Computers and Society, March 1994, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 21-27.

Anzovin, Steven. "Digital Democracy," Compute!, Vol. 14, No. 11, November 1991, p. 24.

Arterton, Christopher. Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy. NY: Sage Publications, 1987.

Baldwin, Deborah. "Push-Button Democracy," Utne Reader, No. 53, September 1992, pp. 19-22.

Berney, Karen. "Electronic Politics," Nation's Business, Vol. 74, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 62-63.

Daly, James and Nell Margolis. "Computers and Politics: High-Tech a Campaign Also-Ran," Computerworld, Vol. 22, No. 45, Nov. 7, 1988, pp. 154-156.

Danziger, J.; Dutton, W; Kling, R., and K. Kramer. Computers and Politics: High Technology in American Local Government. NY: Columbia Press, 1982.

Doug, Van Kirk. "Democrats Elect to Computerize a Convention," InfoWorld, Vol. 14, No. 29, July 1992, p. 61.

Flannagan, P. "Computer-Aided Voting: Big Help or Big Brother?," Computer Decisions, Vol. 60, No. 4, October 1988.

Frenkel, Karen A. "Computers and Elections," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 10, 1988, pp. 1176-1183.

Frenkel, Karen A. "Government: Computing as a Political Force," Personal Computing, Vol. 13, No. 10, October 1989, pp. 99-106.

Furger, Roberta. "PCs and Politics," PC World, Vol. 10, No. 9, September 1992, pp. 27-29.

Gardner, Amanda. "John Phillips: Selling McPolitics," M, Vol. 9, No. 5, September 1992, pp. 66-67.

Garneau, George. "Computerized Reporting of Election Results," Editor & Publisher, Vol. 119, No. 9, March 1, 1986, pp. 26-27.

Graff, Steve. "High-Tech Tools for Campaigners," State Legislatures, Vol. 18, No. 5, May 1992, pp. 26-27.

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Hammet, Jim. "Computer Mapping Helped Clinton Campaign Target Voters," InfoWorld, Vol. 14, No. 48, Nov. 30, 1992, pp. 24-27.

Herring, Susan C. "Gender and Democracy in Computer-Mediated Communication," Electronic Journal of Communication/REC, Vol. 3, No. 2. Reprinted in R. Kling, ed. Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 476-489.

Hilderbrand, Carol and Thomas Hoffman. "Campaign '92: High-Tech Politics," Computerworld, Vol. 26, No. 27, July 6, 1992, p. 12.

Hoffman, Lance. "Making Each Vote Count: Security and Reliability of Computerized Vote-Counting Systems," Washington, DC: Dept. of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, George Washington University, no date.

Kassicieh, S., Kawaguchi, G. and L. Malcyznski. "Security, Integrity and Public Acceptance of Electronic Voting: Managing Elections in the 1990s," Journal of System Management, Dec. 1988, pp. 6-10.

Kraemer, Kenneth. "Computers, Information and Power in Local Governments," in A. Mowshowitz, ed. Human Choice and Computers (Vol. 2). NY: North Holland Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 213-235.

Lanham, Richard. The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology and the Arts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Leonard, Jennifer, Howard Jay Straus and John R. Edwards. "Vulnerable on All Counts: How computerized Vote Tabulation Threatens the Integrity of Our Elections," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 4, Fall 1988, pp. 1-8. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1901, pp. 155-163.

Liklider, J. C. R. "Computers and Government," in M. Dertouzos and J. Moses, ed. The Computer Age: A Twenty Year Review. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979.

Lyon, David. "Information, Democracy and the State," Chap. 5 in The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. NY: Polity Press, 1988.

Mogul, Jeff. "Computerized Voting," Forum on the Risks to the Public from Computer Systems, Vol. 2, No. 23, March 5, 1986.

Neumann, Peter G. "Risks in Computerized Elections," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 11, November 1990, p. 170.

Neustadt, Richard M. "Electronic Politics," in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 561-568.

Nurmi, H, A. Salamao and L. Santaan. "Secret Ballot Elections in Computer Networks," Computers and Security, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1991, pp. 553-560.

Oz, Effy. "Electronic Democracy," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 301-303.

Peterson, Ivars. "How to Steal an Election the Modern Way," Science News, Vol. 144, No. 18, October 30, 1993, pp. 282-283.

Rheingold, Howard. "Electronic Democracy," Whole Earth Review, No. 7, 1991, pp. 4-11.

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