Section 8.1 lists sources that examine some of the philosophical assumptions and foundations underlying individual or personal privacy and that consider ways in which personal privacy is threatened by computers and information technology. Works that examine court cases and recent privacy legislation as well as national and international efforts to regulate the transfer of personal data are cited in Section 8.2. Section 8.3 lists sources that address public concern over privacy issues related to the use of computer databases in the commercial sector. In particular, issues regarding the accuracy of, access to, and the sale of personal information are considered in the entries listed in this section. Section 8.4 identifies sources that approach the issue of privacy and computers from the point of view of government attempts at social control. Sources that focus on issues of computerized record matching, electronic surveillance, and encryption technologies are identified in this section.

4.3.1 Personal Privacy and the Information Age

Alderman, Ellen and Caroline Kennedy. The Right to Privacy. NY: Alfred Knopf, 1995.

Alton, Irwin. "Privacy -- A Conceptual Analysis," Environment and Behavior, Vol. 8, 1976.

Barlow, John Perry. "Private Life in Cyberspace," Communications of the ACM, August 1991, pp. 23-25.

Bazelon, David. "Probing Privacy," Georgia Law Review, Vol. 12, 1977.

Beardsley, Elizabeth. "Privacy, Autonomy, and Selective Disclosure," in J. Pennock and J. Chapman, eds. Nomos XIII: Privacy. NY: Atherton Press, 1971.

Benn, S. I. "Privacy, Freedom and Respect for Persons," in Ferdinand Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Berman, Jerry and Janlori Goldman. "A Federal Right of Information Privacy: The Need for Reform," Benton Foundation Project on Communication and Information Policy Opinions. Paper No. 4, Washington, DC, 1989. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 374-393.

Bloustein, Edward J. "Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser," in F. Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 157-202.

Brown, Geoffrey. "Privacy and Information: A New Moral Problem?," Culture, Education and Society/New Universities Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1985.

Bynum, T.; Maner, W. and J. Fodor, eds. Computing and Privacy. (Part of the Proceedings of the National Conference on Computers and Values.) New Haven, CT: Research Center on Computing and Society (RCCS), 1992.

Campbell, Duncan and Steve Connor. "The Battle Against Privacy," New Statesman, Vol. 9, 1986.

Chaum, David. "A New Paradigm for Individuals in the Information Age," Proceedings from IEEE 5th Symposium on Security and Privacy, April/May 1984, Oakland CA, pp. 99-103. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 366-373.

Chaum, David. "Achieving Electronic Privacy," Scientific American, August 1991, pp. 96-101.

Chaves, Corrine. "The Death of Personal Privacy," Computerworld, January 27, 1992.

Clement, Andrew, ed. Privacy Considerations. SIGOIS Bulletin (entire issue), July 1993.

Clifford, Brian Patrick. "Individual Privacy in an Information Dependent Society," in Ethics in the Computer Age: Proceedings of the 1994 ACM/SIGCAS Conference. NY: ACM Press, 1995, pp. 51-54.

Cobb, Nathan. "The End of Privacy," The Boston Globe Magazine, April 26, 1992.

Computers, Freedom and Privacy: Proceedings of the IEEE's First Conference. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1991.

Computers, Freedom, and Privacy: Proceedings of the IEEE's Second Conference. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992.

Connors, Mary. "Public Records in the Electronic Age," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 13-14.

Culver, Charles; Moor, James; Duerfeldt, William; Kapp, Marshall and Mark Sullivan. "Privacy," Professional Ethics, Vol. 3, Nos. 3 & 4, Fall-Winter 1994, pp. 3-25.

Davis, Frederick. "What Do We Mean by 'Right to Privacy'?" The San Diego Law Review, Vol. 4, 1959.

Dever, Steve. "Privacy Threats from Genetic Research," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 6-7.

Fletcher, Patricia. "Current Issues in Confidentiality," Computers and Society, Summer 1986, pp. 8-17.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "The Invasion of Privacy," Chap. 6 in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

Freedman, Warren. The Right of Privacy in the Computer Age. NY: Quorum Books, 1987.

Freeman, Edward. "When Technology and Privacy Collide," Information Systems Management, April 1995.

Freid, Charles. "Privacy," Yale Law Journal, Vol. 77, 1968.

Freid, Charles. "Privacy: A Rational Context," Chap. 9 in An Anatomy of Values: Problems of Personal and Social Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Freid, Charles. "Privacy (A Moral Analysis)" in F. Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 203-222.

Freund, Paul. "Privacy: One Concept or Many?," in J. Pennock and J. Chapman, eds. Nomos XIII: Privacy. NY: Atherton Press, 1971, pp. 182-198.

Garrett, Roland. "The Nature of Privacy," Philosophy Today, Vol. 18, 1974.

Gerstein, Robert S. "Intimacy and Privacy," in F. Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 346-402.

Gross, Hyman. "Privacy and Autonomy," in J. Pennock and J. Chapman, eds. Nomos XIII: Privacy. NY: Atherton Press, 1971.

Guynes, Steve. "Privacy Considerations As We Enter the 'Information Highway' Era," Computers and Society, Vol. 24, No. 3, September 1994, pp. 16-19.

Hitch, Leslie and Jerry Miller. "Historical Perspectives on Technology, Ethics, and Privacy," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications, March 1994.

Hoffman, Lance, ed. Computers and Privacy in the Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980.

Ingramham, D. G. "Coming of Age in Cyberspace," Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy, 1991.

Isaacson, Portica. "The Personal Computer versus Personal Privacy," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computers and Privacy in the Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 35-38.

Johnson, David R. and John Podesta. "Electronic Mail and Privacy: Setting Your Company's Policy," Chief Information Offices Journal, Vol. 4, 1991, pp. 51-53.

Johnson, Deborah. "Computers and Privacy," Chap. 5 in Computer Ethics. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.

Johnson, Jeff. "Caller Identification: More Privacy or Less," CPSR Newsletter, Winter/Spring 1990. Reprinted in Ronni Rosenberg, ed. Telephone Privacy in the 1990s: Selected CPSR Publications on Calling Number ID. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 7-12.

Johnson, Jeff. "Why Restricting Calling Number ID to Multi-Line Businesses Does Not Adequately Protect Residential Customer Privacy," in Ronni Rosenberg, ed. Telephone Privacy in the 1990s: Selected CPSR Publications on Calling Number ID. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 39-40.

Latin, H. A. Privacy: A Selected Bibliography and Topical Index of Social Science Materials. Hackensack, NJ: Fred B. Rotham and Co., 1976.

Linowes, David. Privacy in America. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989.

Luhn, Robert. "A Privacy Toolkit," Whole Earth Review, Fall 1993, pp. 116-125.

Lyon, David. "Privacy, Persons and Protection," in The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. NY: Polity Press, 1988, pp. 99-104.

Miller, Arthur. "Computers and Privacy," in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Science. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 118-133.

Moor, James H. "How to Invade and Protect Privacy with Computers," in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 57-70.

Nilsson, Erik. "Oregon Public Utilities Commission Proposes Calling Number ID With Privacy Protections," in Ronni Rosenberg, ed. Telephone Privacy in the 1990s: Selected CPSR Publications on Calling Number ID. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 36-38.

Oz, Effy. "Invasion of Privacy," Chap. 4 in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994.

Parent, W. A. "Privacy, Morality, and the Law", in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues In The Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 201-214.

Parker, Donn B. "Confidentiality of Sensitive Data and Insurance of Privacy," Chap. 3 in Ethical Conflicts in Computer Science and Technology. Menlo Park, CA: AFIPS Press, 1981.

Parker, Richard. "A Definition of Privacy," Rutgers Law Journal, Vol. 27, 1974.

Pennock, J. Roland and John W. Chapman, eds. Nomos XIII: Privacy. NY: Atherton Press, 1971.

Posner, Richard. "The Right to Privacy," The Georgia Law Review, Vol. 12, 1978.

Privacy Protection Study Commission. Personal Privacy in an Information Society. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC, 1977.

Prosser, William. "Privacy," California Law Review, Vol. 48, 1960.

"Protection From Privacy and Ethical Dilemmas in Computer Applications in Social Work," Computer Applications in Social Work and Allied Professions, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1986.

Rachels, James. "Why Privacy is Important," Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1975. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues In The Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 194-200, and in R. Dejoie et. al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Science. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 110-117.

Raines, John Curtis. Attack on Privacy. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1974.

Reiman, Jeffrey H. "Privacy, Intimacy, and Personhood," Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 1, Fall 1976, pp. 26-44.

Robin, Michael Rogers. Private Rights, Public Wrongs: The Computer and Personal Privacy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Co., 1988.

Rosenberg, J. M. The Death of Privacy. NY: Random House, 1986.

Rosenberg, Richard. "Privacy and Freedom of Information," Chap. 9 in The Social Impact of Computing. Boston. MA: Academic Press, 1992.

Rosenberg, Ronni. Privacy in the Computer Age. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (No. CL-100-3), 1989.

Rosenberg, Ronni, ed. Telephone Privacy in the 1990s: Selected CPSR Publications on Calling Number ID. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993.

Rotenberg, Marc. "Protecting Privacy," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 35, No. 4, April 1992.

Rotenberg, Marc. "Telephone Privacy in the 1990s," a speech presented to the United telephone Association on September 13, 1989. Reprinted in Ronni Rosenberg, ed. Telephone Privacy in the 1990s: Selected CPSR Publications on Calling Number ID. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 1-6.

Rule, James B., Douglas McAdam, Linda Sterns and David Uglow. "Preserving Individual Autonomy in an Information-Oriented Society," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computer Privacy in the Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 65-87.

Schirmacher, Wolfgang. "Privacy as an Ethical Problem in the Computer Society," in Carl Mitcham and Alois Huning, eds. Philosophy and Technology II: Information Technology and Computers in Theory and Practice. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1986, pp. 257-268.

Schoeman, Ferdinand, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Smith, Robert. Privacy: How to Protect What's Left of It. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1979.

Smith, Robert. "Can Technology Protect Privacy, Not Threaten It?," Privacy Journal, September 1994.

Snapper, John W. "On Whether a Misuse of Computer Technology Is a Violation of Personal Privacy," in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 71-86.

Spinello, Richard A. "Privacy in the Information Age," Chap. 5 in Ethical Aspects of the Information Age. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Stone, M. G. Computer Privacy. NY: Anbar, 1968.

Tavani, Herman T. "Personal Privacy in the Information Age: An Ethical Dilemma," InSight, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 1996, pp. 155-169.

Thomson, Judith Jarvis. "The Right to Privacy," Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 4, Summer, 1975, pp. 295-314.

Tye, Larry. "No More Privacy," The Boston Globe, (a four-part series) September 5-8, 1993.

Van Den Haag, Ernest. "On Privacy," in J. Pennock and J. Chapman, eds. Nomos XIII: Privacy. NY: Atherton Press, 1971.

Ware, Willis H. "Privacy and Information Technology -- The Years Ahead," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computers And Privacy In The Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 9-22.

Warren, Sammuel D. and Louis D. Brandeis. "The Right to Privacy," Harvard Law Review, Vol. 4, No. 5, December 15, 1890, pp. 193-220. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues In The Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1985, pp. 172-183.

Wasserstrom, Richard. "Privacy: Some Arguments and Assumptions," in Ferdinand Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 317-332.

Wessells, Michael. G. "The Challenge to Privacy," Chap. 7 in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Westin, Alan F. Privacy and Freedom. NY: Anatheum, 1967.

Westin, Alan F. "Computers and the Protection of Privacy," Technology Review, Vol. 71, No. 6, April 1969.

Wolinsky, C. and J. Sylvester. "Privacy in the Telecommunications Age," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 35, No. 2, February 1992.

Agre, Philip. "Looking Down the Road: Transport Information and the New Landscape of Privacy Issues," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 15-19.

Aldrich, Robert. Privacy Protection Law in the United States. NTIA Report, May 1982.

Altman, Irwin. "Privacy Regulation: Culturally Universal or Culturally Specific?," The Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 33, 1977.

Axsmith, C. "Email Privacy and the Law," Proceedings of the 15th National Computer Security Conference, Baltimore, MA, 1992, pp. 120-125.

Banisar, Dave. "Europe Moves Toward Comprehensive Privacy Protection; U.S. Heads in the Opposite Direction," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, p. 7.

Bernam, J. "Establishing a Legal Framework for Freedom and Privacy on the Electronic Frontier," Correspondence on Computers Freedom and Privacy, 1991.

Biddle, Bradford. "Digital Signature Legislation: Flawed Efforts Will Hurt Consumers and Impede Development of a 'Public Key Infrastructure,'" CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 8-12.

Clukey, Laura L. "The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986: The Impact on Software Communications Technologies," Software Law Journal, Vol. 2, Spring 1988, pp. 243-263.

DeCew, Judith. "The War Between Profit and Privacy," The Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1991.

Dunca, Richard. "A Privacy Act Would Force Firms to Inform Their Employees About E-mail Monitoring," PC Week, June 28, 1993, pp. 203-204.

Eisenstandt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 453 (1972).

Everest, Gordon C. "Nonuniform Privacy Laws: Implications and Attempts at Uniformity," in L.

Hoffman, ed. Computers And Privacy In The Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 141-151.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Privacy Legislation," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 144-147.

Gavison, Ruth. "Privacy and the Limits of the Law," Yale Law Journal, Vol. 89, 1980, pp. 421-471. Reprinted in F. Schoeman, ed. Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 346-402.

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974).

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484-486 (1965).

Johnson, Deborah. "A Critique of Current Legislation and Trends," in Computer Ethics. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1985, pp. 67-69.

Karasik, Eve H. "A Normative Analysis of Disclosure, Privacy and Computers: The State Cases," Journal of Computers And Law, Vol. 10, Dec., 1991, pp. 603-644.

Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347 (1967).

Laudon, Kenneth. "Data Quality and Due Process in Large Interorganizational Record Systems," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1986, pp. 4-11.

Milberg, Sandra J.; Burke, Sandra J.; Smith, H. Jeff, and Ernest A. Kallman. "Values, Personal Privacy, and Regulatory Approaches," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 12, December 1995, pp. 65-74.

Mylott, Thomas R. "Data Regulation," in Computer Law for Computer Professionals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 120-126.

Office of Technology Assessment, Federal Government Information Technology. Electronic Record Systems and Individual Privacy, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (OTA-CIT-296), June 1986.

Olmstead v. U.S., 277 U.S. 438 (1928). Dissenting Opinion, Justice L. Brandeis.

Oz, Effy. "Legislation for Privacy and Access to Information," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 177-193.

Posner, Richard. "An Economic Theory of Privacy," Regulation, May/June 1978, pp. 19-26.

Rotenberg, M. "In Support of a Data Protection Board in the United States," in Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 79-83.

Sipior, Janice C. and Burke T. Ward. "The Ethical and Legal Quandary of Email Privacy," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 12, December 1995, pp. 48-54.

Stanley, Timothy. "The Legal Right to Privacy in Electronic Communications," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 3-5.

Thom, J. and P. Thorne. "Privacy Legislation and the Right of Access," Journal of Computing," Vol. 15, No. 4, November 1983.

Time v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374 (1967).

Tucker, Greg. "Europe Grasps Nettle of Data Processing Protection Legislation," Computing Australia, 19 September 1988, pp. 24-29.

Tuerkheimer, F. "The Underpinnings of Privacy Protection," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993, pp. 69-73.

Tye, Larry. "German System Puts Lid on Data," The Boston Globe, September 7, 1993, pp. 1, 10-11.

Tye, Larry. "'Bill of Rights' Sought to Limit Use of Personal Data," The Boston Globe, September 8, 1993, pp. 1, 12-13.

Welin, Stellan. "Computers, Privacy, and Electronic Highways in Sweden," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter 1995, p. 8.

Weisband, Suzanne P. and Bruce A. Reinig. "Managing User Perceptions of Email Privacy," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 12, December 1995, pp. 40-47.

Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977).

4.3.3 Databanks: Accuracy, Access And The Sale Of Personal Information

Aryek, Neier. Dossier: The Secret Files They Keep on You. NY: Stein and Day, 1975.

Bass, Allison. "Computerized Medical Records Put Privacy on the Line," The Boston Globe, February 22, 1995, pp. 1, 5.

Betts, Mitch. "Computerized Records: An Open Book," Computerworld, August 9, 1993.

Betts, Mitch. "Privacy Key to Public Trust in Health Care Reform," Computerworld, November 22, 1993, p. 63.

Bloustein, Edward. "Group Privacy: The Right to Huddle," in Individual and Group Privacy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1978.

Burnham, David. "Data Bases," Chap. 3 in The Rise of The Computer State. NY: Random House, 1980.

Chin, F. Y. and G. Ozsoyoglu. "Statistical Database Design," ACM Transactions on Database Systems, March 1981, pp. 113-139.

Cespedes, Frank and H. Jeff Smith. "Database Marketing: New Rules for Policy and Practice," Sloan Management Review, Summer 1993, pp. 7-22.

Collins, Sarah P. Citizens Control Over Records Held by Third Parties. CRS Report, December 8, 1978.

Culnan, Mary J. "The Lessons of the Lotus Marketplace: Implications for Consumer Privacy in the 1990's," in The First Conference on Computers, Freedom and Privacy, March 25, 1991.

Culnan, Mary J. "How Did They Get My Name," MIS Quarterly, September, 1993, pp. 341-363.

Culnan, M. J. and H. J. Smith "Lotus Marketplace: Households...Managing Information Privacy Concerns," Georgetown University School of Business, Case 192-193, 1991, 1992. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 269-278.

Cushman, Reid. "Information and Medical Ethics: Protecting Patient Privacy," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 3, Fall 1996, pp. 32-39.

Denning, Dorothy E. and J. Schlorer. "Inference Controls for Statistical Databases," Computer, July 1983, pp. 69-82.

Eder, Peter F. "Privacy on Parade: Your Secrets for Sale," The Futurist, July 1994.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Database Disasters," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 132-138.

Gassman, H. P. "Privacy Implications of Transborder Data Flows: Outlook for the 1980's," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computers and Privacy in The Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 109-118.

Gray, Susan. "Electronic Databases and Privacy: Policy for the 1990s," Science, Technology and Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1989, pp. 242-257.

Guynes, Steve. "Protecting Statistical Databases: A Matter of Privacy," Computers and Society, Vol. 19, No. 1, March, 1989, pp. 15-23.

Hunter, Larry. "Public Image," Whole Earth Review, January 1985.

Johnson, Deborah. "The Public-Private Status of Transactions in Computer Networks," in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 37-55.

Kling, Rob. "Value Conflicts in the Design and Organization of EFT Systems," in C. Dunlop and R, Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 421-435.

Laudon, Kenneth. "Privacy and Federal Data Banks," Society. January/February, 1980.

Laudon, Kenneth. Dossier Society: Value Choices in the Design of National Information Systems. NY: Columbia University Press, 1986.

Laudon, Kenneth. "Data Quality and Due Process in Large Interorganizational Record Systems," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1986, pp. 4-11.

Laudon, Kenneth. "Markets and Privacy," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 9, September 1996, pp. 92-104.

Martin, James. Security, Accuracy and Privacy in Computer Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973.

Marx, Gary T. "For Sale: Personal Information About You," Washington Post, December 11, 1989, p. A15.

Miller, Arthur. The Assault on Privacy: Computer Databanks & Dossiers. NY: Mentor Books, 1971.

Miller, Michael. "Equifax to Stop Selling Data to Junk Mailers," The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1991, p. B1.

Miller, Michael. "Credit Report Firms Face Greater Pressure," The Wall Street Journal, September 23, 1991, p. 1.

Mitgang, Herbert. Dangerous Dossiers. NY: Ballantine Books, 1989.

Neier, A. Dossier. NY: Stein and Day, 1974.

Nycum, Susan Hubbell. "Privacy in Electronic Funds Transfer, Point of Sale, and Electronic Mail Systems in the Next Decade," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computers And Privacy In The Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 39-42.

Orwant, Carol J. "Securing Data and Software: Accessing Risks and Enhancing Protection," IDC. Washington, Inc. Publication, No. 1180, April 1990.

Ozsoyoglu, G. and F. Y. Chin. "Enhancing the Security of Statistical Databases with a Question-Answering System and a Kernel Design," IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, May 1982, pp. 223-234.

Parker, Donn B. "The Ethics of Voluntary and Involuntary Disclosure of Company-Private Information," in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web, Westview Press. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 259-268.

Reitman, Valerie. "You Bought It -- And You Left Your Prints," The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 8, 1990.

Richards, Evelyn. "Proposed FBI Crime Computer System Raises Questions on Accuracy, Privacy -- Report Warns of Potential Risk Data Bank Poses to Civil Liberties," Washington Post, February 13, 1989.

Rothfeder, Jeffrey. "Is Nothing Private," Business Week, September 4, 1989, pp. 77-82.

Rothfeder, Jeffrey. Privacy for Sale: How Computerization Has Made Everyone's Private Life an Open Secret. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

Schwartz, John. "How Did They Get My Name?," Newsweek, June 3, 1991, pp. 40-42.

Smith, Jeff. "Privacy Policies and Practices: Inside the Organizational Maze," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 12, December 1993, pp. 105-122.

Smith, Jeff. Managing Privacy: Information Technology and Corporate America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Turn, R. and W. H. Ware. "Privacy and Security Issues in Information Systems," IEEE Transactions on Computers C-25, Vol. 12, December 1976, pp. 1353-1361. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues In The Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 133-147.

Tye, Larry. "Privacy Threat Raises a Cry for New Protection," The Boston Globe, September 8, 1993, pp. 12-13.

Warner, M. and M. Stone. The Databank Society: Organizations, Computers and Social Freedom. NY: George Allen and Unwin, 1970.

Westin, Alan and Michael Baker. Databanks in a Free Society: Computers, Record-Keeping, and Privacy. New York: NY Times Book Co., 1972.

Wheeler, Stanton, ed. On Record: Files and Dossiers in American Life. NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1969.

Wilke, John. "Lotus Product Spurs Fears about Privacy," The Wall Street Journal, November 13, 1991, pp. B1, B5.

Anthes, Gary H. "Federal Encryption Policy Wins Few Fans," Computerworld, February 14, 1994, pp. 57.

Athanasiou, Tom. "Encryption: Technology, Privacy, and National Security," Technology Review, August/September, 1986, pp. 57-66.

Barlow, John P. "Decrypting the Puzzle Palace," Communications of the ACM, July 1992, pp. 25-30.

Bellin, David. "Who Holds the Keys? The US Government & Cryptography Policy," Computers and Society, Vol. 24. No. 3, September 1994, pp. 6-7.

Burnham, David. "Surveillance," Chap. 2 in The Rise of the Computer State. NY: Random House, 1980.

Burnham, David. "Tales of a Computer State," The Nation, April 1983.

Burnham, David. "FBI Says 12,000 Reports on Suspects are Issued Each Day," New York Times, August 25, 1985.

Campbell, Duncan and Steve Connor. On the Record: Surveillance, Computers and Privacy. London: Michael Joseph, 1986.

Chaum, David. "Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 10, October 1985, pp. 1030-1044.

Clark, Roger. "Information Technology and Dataveilance," Communications of the ACM, May 1988, pp. 498-512. Reprinted in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 498-512.

Curry, Richard O., ed. Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship, and Repression in the 1980s. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1988.

Donner, F. J. The Age of Surveillance. NY: Alfred Knopf, 1980.

Dunlop, C. and R. Kling. "Social Control and Privacy," Intro. to Part IV in Computerization And Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 322-329.

Earley, Pete. "Your Government is Watching You," The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, May 19, 1986, pp. 6-7.

Earley, Pete. "Big Brother Makes a Date," San Francisco Examiner, October 12, 1986.

Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Who Should Keep the Keys," Time, March 14, 1994, pp. 90-91.

Flaherty, David. "The Emergence of Surveillance Societies in the Western World: Toward the Year 2000," Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1988, pp. 377-387.

Flaherty, David. Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Surveillance Society," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd. ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 152-155.

Fryer, Bronwyn and Roberta Furger. "Who's Reading your E-mail?," PC World, August 1993, pp. 166-171.

Greenberg, L. T. and S. E. Goodman. "Is Big Brother Hanging by His Bootstraps," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 11-15.

Harwood, Richard. "Espionage: Cloak-and-Computer Stories," The Washington post National Weekly Edition, December 23, 1985, pp. 6-7.

Kircher, J. A. "A History of Computer Matching in Federal Government Programs," Computerworld, December 14, 1981.

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