4.2 Computers and Work

Section 7.1 identifies sources concerned with the impact of computers in the contemporary workplace. Sources in this section examine ways in which work in the information era has been transformed--i.e., with respect to the number and kinds of jobs (e.g., "telework" and the "electronic cottage industry") that have resulted from the use of computers and information technology. Section 7.2 includes sources that focus on the quality of worklife in the computerized workplace. Some works cited in this section examine issues associated with the "electronic sweatshop." (Sources that focus on the various health hazards and medical injuries associated with computers and work are included in Section 13, which considers broader "quality of life" issues related to computers.) Section 7.3 lists sources concerned with ethical and social issues related to the use of computers to monitor employees.

4.2.1 The Transformation of Work

Adler, Paul S. "Managing Flexible Automation," California Management Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, Spring 1988, pp. 34-56.

Allen, Jonathan. "Groupware and Social Reality," Computers and Society, Vol. 22, 1992, pp. 24-28. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Putting Computing in Its Place. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 38-46.

Aronowitz, Stanley and William DiFazio. The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work. University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Bessant, John and Sam Cole. Stacking the Chips: Information Technology and the Global Division of Labor. London: Francis Pinter, 1985.

Brooks, Frederick. The Mythical Man-Month. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

Bullen, Christine and John Bennett. "Groupware in Practice: An Interpretation of Work Experience," in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991.

Bullen, Christine and John Bennett. "Learning from User Experience With Groupware," Proceedings of CSCW'90, 1990, pp. 291-302.

Cyert, Richard M. and David C. Mowery, eds. Panel on Technology and Employment, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of the Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987. Portions reprinted as "Technology and Employment: Innovation and Growth in the U.S. Economy," in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 295-308.

Davis, Jim. "Technology and Jobs: Forging a New Social Contract?" CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter/Spring 1996, pp. 1-2; 8-10.

Dunlop, C. and R. Kling. "Computerization and the Transformation of Work," in Computerization and Controversy, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 182-199.

Forester, Tom. "The Myth of the Electronic Cottage," Futures, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1988. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, pp. 213-227.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Where Will the Jobs Come From? Computers and the Quantity of Work," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd. ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 193-203.

Galkin, A. "The New Technology and the Problem of Unemployment," in Melvyn Dubofsky, ed. Technological Change and Worker's Movements: Explorations in the World Economy (Vol. 4). Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985, pp. 35-44.

Gill, Colin. Work, Unemployment and the New Technology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985.

Guiliano, Vincent E. "The Mechanization of Office Work," Scientific American, 1982. Reprinted in M. Ermann, et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society, NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 175-188.

Gurbaxani, Vijay. "The New World of Information Technology Outsourcing," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 45-46.

Hativa, Nira, Swisa, Shimon, and Alan Lesgold. "Competition in Individualized CAI," in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing: Putting Computing in Its Place. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 604-636.

Iacono, S. and R. Kling. "Computerization, Office Routines, and Changes in Clerical Work," in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 213-220.

Jenkin, Patrick. "Employment: The Quantity of Work," in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 378-380.

Jewett, Tom and Rob Kling. "The Work Group Manager's Role in Developing Computing Infrastructure," Proceedings of the ACM Conference in Office Information Systems," Boston, MA, 1990.

Johnston, Russell and Michael Vitale. Creating Competitive Advantage with International Organization Systems," MIS Quarterly, June 1988, pp. 153-165.

Jones, Barry. Sleeper's Awake: Technology and the Future of Work. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1982.

Justice, Lorraine. "The Changing Job Tasks and Environment of Designers Using Computer Graphic Equipment," in ACM/SIGCAS Conference on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '90): Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1990, p. 125.

Kling, R. and S. Iacono. "Desktop Computerization and the Organization of Work," in T. Forester, ed. Computers in the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 335-356.

Kling, Rob and Tom Jewett. "The Social Design of worklife with Computers and Networks: A Natural Systems Perspective," in Marshall C. Yovits, ed. Advances in Computing, Vol. 39. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1994.

Kraut, Robert. "Predicting the Use of Technology: The Case of Telework," in R. Kraut, ed. Technology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987, pp. 113-133. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 312-334.

Lyon, David. "New Technology, Employment, Work and Skills," Chap. 4 in The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. NY: Polity Press, 1988.

Masuda, Yoneji. The Information Society as Post Industrial Society. Bethesda, MD: World Future Society, 1983.

Mouritsen and Niels Bjorn-Andersen. "Understanding Third Wave Information Systems," in C. Dunlop and R. Kling. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 308-320.

National Commission for Employment Policy, Computers in the Workplace: Selected Issues. Washington, DC, March 1986. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 238-247.

Nilles, Jack. "Teleworking from Home," in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 202-208.

Noble, David. "The Truth About the Information Highway," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter/Spring 1996, pp. 3-4.

Olson, Margrethe H. "Remote Work: Changing Work Pattern in Sace and Time," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1983, pp. 182-187.

Olson, Margrethe H. "Telework: Practical Experience and Future Prospects," in R. Kraut, ed. Technology and the Transformation of White Collar Work. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987, pp. 135-152.

Olson, Margrethe H. and Sophia B. Primps. "Working at Home with Computers: Work and Non-Work Issues," Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 97-112. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 189-200.

Oravec, Jo Ann and Larry Travis. "Groupware and Non-Profit Institutions: Cooperative Harmony or Culture Shock," in ACM/SIGCAS Conference on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '90): Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1990, p. 126.

Oz, Effy. "Telecommunicating and Electronic Immigrants," in Ethics and the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 300-301.

Peres, Ken. "Restructuring Telecommunications," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter/Spring 1996, pp. 5-7.

Pruitt, S. and T. Barrett. "Corporate Virtual Workspace," in M. Benedikt, ed. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 383-409.

Rosenberg, Richard. "Employment and Unemployment," Chap. 10 in The Social Impact of Computing. Boston. MA: Academic Press, 1992.

Saloman, Ilan and Meira Salomon. "Telecommuting: The Employee's Perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 1984, pp. 15-28.

Shaiken, Harley. "Computer Technology and Relations of Power in the Workplace," Berlin: International Institute for Cooperative Social Research, 1980, Discussion Paper No. 80-217.

Shaiken, Harley. Work Transformed: Automation and Labor in the Computer Age. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984.

Shostack, Inna. "Computers and Employment," Computers and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, March 1996, pp. 21-24.

Slaughter, Sandra A. and Soon Ang. "Employment Outsourcing in Information Systems," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 47-54.

Spinello, Richard A. "Information Technology and Anti-Competitive Practices," Chap. 3 in Ethical Aspects of Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995.

Sproull, L. S. and S. B. Keisler. "Computers, Networks, and Work," Scientific American, Vol. 265, No. 3, 1991, pp. 116-123. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 335-346.

Toffler, Alvin. "The Electronic Cottage," Chap. 16 in The Third Wave. NY: William Morrow, 1980.

Turner, John A. "Computer Mediated Work: The Interplay Between Technology and Structured Jobs," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 27, No. 12, December 1984, pp. 1210-1217.

Volti, Rudi. "Technology and the Transformation of Work," Part III in Society and Technological Change. 2nd ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Wessells, Michael G. "Work Transformed," Chap. 2 in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Williams, Kate. "A Curriculum on Jobs and Technology," CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter/Spring 1996, p. 11.

Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. NY: Basic Books, 1988.

Zuriek, Elia T. "The Electronic Cottage: Old Wine in New Bottles," Paper presented at a conference on Technology and Culture: Computers, Values, Creativity. University of Ottawa, May 8-10, 1985.

Appelbaum, David and Sarah Verone Lawton. "The Quality of Life for Employees," in Ethics and the Professions. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 183-184.

Attewell, Paul. "The Deskilling Controversy," Work and Occupations, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1987, pp. 323-346.

Bellin, David. "The Commoditization of Information: Societal Implications and Analogies to the Commoditization of Labor," in ACM/SIGCAS Conference on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '90): Proceedings. NY: ACM Press, 1990, p. 124.

Buchanan, D. A. and D. Boddy, "Advanced Technology and the Quality of Working Life: The Effects of Computerized Controls on Biscuit Making Operators," Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1, January, 1983, pp. 109-119.

Chapman, Gary and Joel Yudken. "The Quality of Work Life in the Information Age," Setting a New Course for Science and Technology Policy: The 21st Century Project. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 151-168.

Child, John; Loveridge, Ray; Harvey, Janet and Anne Spencer. "The Quality of Employment in Services," in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 419-439.

Eiling, Monica. "Remote Work/Telecommuting: A Means of Enhancing the Quality of Life or Just Another Means of Making Business More Brisk?," Economics and Industrial Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 239-249.

Ferguson, D. "The 'New' Industrial Epidemic," The Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 2, 1984, pp. 318-319.

Forester, Tom. "The Automated Office: Prison or Paradice," in High-Tech Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987, pp. 214-217.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "What Kinds of Jobs? Computers and the Quality of Work," in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 203-208.

Garson, Barbara. The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

Garson, Barbara. "The Electronic Sweatshop: Scanning the Office of the Future," Mother Jones, July, 1981.

Howard, Robert. Brave New Workplace. NY: Viking, 1985.

Kling, R. and C. Dunlop. "Controversies About Computerization and White Collar Worklife," The Information Society, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1993.

Kramer, K. and J. Danzinger. "The Impacts of Computer Technology on the Worklife of Information Workers," Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1990, pp. 592-613.

Kraut, Robert; Dummais Susan, and Susan Koch. "Computerization, Productivity, and Quality of Worklife," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 32, No. 2, February, 1989.

Nussbaum, Karen. "Office High Tech is not Here for Good," In These Times, May 1983, p. 12.

Ostberg, O. and C. Nilsson. "Emerging Technology and Stress," in C. L. Cooper and M. J. Smith, eds. Job Stress and Blue Collar Work. NY: Wiley, 1985, pp. 149-169.

Picard, Michele. "Working Under an Electronic Thumb," Training, February 1994. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 76-80.

Rosney, Robert. "The New Old Luddites," Whole Earth Review, Spring 1994.

Rowe, Susan A. "Management Involvement: A Key Element in Preventing Musculoskeletal Problems in Visual Display Unit Users in Australia," in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 119-124.

Suplee, Curt. "The Electronic Sweatshop," Washington Post, January 3, 1988, p. B1.

Wessells, Michael G. "Quality of Worklife," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 41-47.

Winner, Langdon. "Electronic Office: Playpen or Prison," in R. Kling, ed. Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 108-132.

Wolkomir, Richard. "When the Work You Do Ends Up Costing You an Arm and a Leg," Smithsonian, June 1994. Reprinted in K. Schellenberg, ed. Computers in Society. 6th ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 71-75.

Wood, Stephen, ed. The Degradation of Work. London: Hutchinson, 1982.

Zuboff, Shoshana. "Problems of Symbolic Toil," Dissent, Vol. 29, 1983, pp. 51-61.

4.2.3 EMPLOYEE MONITORING

Adler, Philip; Parsons Charles, and Scott Zolke. "Employee Privacy: Legal and Research Developments and Implications for Personnel Administration," Sloan Management Review, Winter, 1985 pp. 13-21. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 116-119.

Attewell, Paul. "Big Brother in the Sweatshop: Computer Surveillance in the Automated Sweatshop," in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 236-256.

Brenkert, George. "Privacy, Polygraphs, and Work," Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall 1981, pp. 19-35. Reprinted in D. Appelbaum and A. Verone Lawaton, eds. Ethics and the Professions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 184-196.

Bylinsky, Gene. "How Companies Spy on Employees," Fortune, Vol. 4, November 1991.

Chalykoff, John and Nitin Nohria. "Note on Electronic Monitoring," Harvard Business School Publications, 1990.

DeTienne, Kristen Bell. "Big Brother or Friendly Coach: Computer Monitoring," The Futurist, September/October 1993, pp. 33-37.

Duffy, D. J. "Privacy vs. Disclosure: Balancing Employer and Employee Rights," Employee Relations law Journal, Vol. 7, 1982, pp. 594-609.

Ezorsky, G., ed. Moral Rights in the Workplace. NY: State University of New York Press, 1987.

Gerson, E. M. and S. L. Star. "Analyzing Due Process in the Workplace," ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 4, 1986.

Grant, Rebecca A. and Christopher A. Higgins. "Computerized Performance Monitors: Are They Costing You Customers," Sloan Management Review, Vol. 29, 1988, pp. 39-45. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing: Putting Computing in Its Place. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 479-488.

Irving, R. H.; Higgins, C.A. and F. R. Safayeni. "Computerized Performance Monitoring Systems: Use and Abuse," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29, No. 8, August 1986, pp. 794-801.

Kallman, Ernest. "Electronic Monitoring of Employees," Journal of Systems Management, June 1993, pp. 17-21.

Koepp, Stephen. "The Boss That Never Blinks," Time, July 28, 1986, pp. 46-47.

Lipman, A. D. "Congress Considers Electronic Monitoring Bill," Telemarketing Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 4, October 1991, pp. 42-44.

Marx, Gary T. "Privacy and Technology," Whole Earth Review. Winter 1991, pp. 91-95.

Marx, Gary T. and Sanford Sherizen. "Monitoring on the Job: How to Protect Privacy as Well as Property," Technology Review, November/December 1986, pp. 63-72. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. Computers and the Human Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 397-406.

McLaughlin, M. "An Attempt to Tether Electronic Workplace," New England Business, Vol. 11, 1989, pp. 13-16.

Nussbaum, Karen. "Computer Monitoring: A Threat to the Right to Privacy," presented at the 1989 CPSR Annual Meeting in Washington, DC. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 134-139.

Nussbaum, Karen. "Workers Under Surveillance," Computerworld, Vol. 26, January 6, 1992.

Office of Technological Assessment. The Electronic Supervisor. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September, 1987.

Oz, Effy. "Monitoring in the Workplace," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 62-68.

Perl, Peter. "Monitoring by Computer Sparks Employee Concerns," Washington Post, September 21, 1984, p 1.

Piller, Charles. "Bosses with X-Ray Eyes: Your Employer may be Using Computers to Keep Tabs on You," Macworld, July 1993, pp. 118-123.

Piturro, Marlene. "Electronic Monitoring," Information Center, July 1990.

Tye, Larry. "Technology Tests Privacy in the Workplace," The Boston Globe, September 6, 1993, p. 13.

Werhane, Patricia. Persons, Rights, and Corporations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1985.