Section 5.1 lists sources that focus on ethical issues in the engineering profession, while Section 5.2 identifies sources that examine ethical issues for professionals involved in communicating information on computer systems to end users. (Although this latter topic is not usually addressed in the standard computer ethics texts, at least not as a separate category, I believe that ethical issues affecting the accuracy and completeness of technical information for computer users deserves much closer attention than it has thus far received.) Works cited in Section 5.3 consider issues of professional responsibility with respect to "risks" in computing. Risks identified in this section include computer use affecting public safety and health as well as issues associated with computerized weapons designed for use in conventional and nuclear warfare. The question of professional responsibility for "blowing the whistle" is also considered in some of the sources listed in this section. Works dealing with professional responsibility from the point of view of legal liability for unreliable computer systems are cited in Section 5.4.

3.2.1 Ethical Responsibility and Engineering Professionals

Alpern, Kenneth. "Moral Responsibility for Engineers," Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1983, pp. 39-56.

Baum, R. and A. Flores, eds. Ethical Problems in Engineering. Troy, NY: Center for the Study of Human Dimensions of Science and Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1980.

Brooks, Frederick. The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

Broome, T. H. "New Developments in Engineering Ethics: The AAES Plan," in V. Weil, ed. Beyond Whistle Blowing: Defining Engineer's Responsibilities. Chicago, IL: Illinois Institute of Technology, 1983, pp. 228-242.

Bucciarelli, Louis. Designing Engineers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

Cohen, Stephen and Damian Grace. "Engineers and Social Responsibility: An Obligation to Do Good," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 3, Fall 1994, pp. 12-19.

Cooley, Mike. "Drawing Up the Corporate Plan at Lucas Aerospace," Chap. 4 in Architect or Bee?: The Human/Technology Relationship. Boston, MA: South End Pres, 1980.

Flores, A., ed. Designing For Safety: Engineering Ethics in Organizational Contents, Troy, NY: Center for the Study of the Human Dimensions of Science and Technology, Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, no date.

Florman, Samuel C. "The Existential Engineer," Chap. 9 in The Existential Pleasures of Engineering. NY: St. Martin's, 1976.

Greenbaum, J. and M. Kyng. Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991.

Johnson, Deborah, ed. Ethical Issues in Engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.

Johnson, Deborah. "Do Engineers Have Social Responsibilities?," Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1992, pp. 21-34.

Kidder, Tracy. The Soul of a New Machine. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1981.

Ladd, John. "Collective and Individual Moral Responsibility in Engineering," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1982, pp. 3-10.

Ladenson, Robert. "The Social Responsibilities of Engineers and Scientists: A Philosophical Approach," in R. Baum and A. Flores, ed. Ethical Problems and Engineering. 2nd ed. (Vol. 1). Troy, NY: Human Dimensions Center, 1980.

Layton, Edwin. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the Engineering Profession. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971, 1986.

Martin, M. W. and R. Schinzinger. Ethics in Engineering. NY: McGraw Hill, 1989.

McLean, G. F. "Integrating Ethics and Design," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 3, Fall 1993, pp. 19-30. Reprinted in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 72-91.

Pavlovic, K. "Autonomy and Obligation: Is There an Engineering Ethics?" in R. Baum and A. Flores, eds. Ethical Problems in Engineering: Readings. 2nd ed. (Vol. 1). Troy, NY: Human Dimensions Center, 1980, pp. 89-93.

Stevenson, J. T. Engineering Ethics: Practices and Principles. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 1987.

Unger, Stephen H. Controlling Technology: Ethics and the Responsible Engineer. 2nd ed. NY: Holt, Rhineheart and Winston, 1994.

Unger, Stephen H. "Engineering Ethics: What's New?," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 4-5.

Vandives, K. "Engineers, Ethics and Economics" in J. Baum and A. Flores, eds. Ethical Problems in Engineering. 2nd ed. (Vol. 2). Troy, NY: Human Dimensions Center, 1980, pp. 136-138.

Weil, Vivian, ed. Beyond Whistleblowing: Defining Engineer's Responsibilities. Chicago, IL: Illinois Institute of Technology, 1983.

Armbruster, David and Lottie Applewhite. "Ethical Issues for Editors in Scientific Communication," Proceedings of the 35th International Technical Communications Conference, 1988.

Branscomb, E. S. "Trademarks: Caveat Scriptor," Technical Communication, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1993, pp. 97-99.

Brockmann, R. John and Fern Rook, eds. Technical Communications and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society for Technical Communication, 1989.

Bryan, J. "Down the Slippery Slope: Ethics and the Technical Writer as Marketeer," Technical Communication Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992, pp. 73-78.

Carlson, David. "Ethics and Technical Communication," Journal For Technical Writing And Communication, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1991, pp. 325-326.

Clark, Gregory. "Ethics in Technical Communication: A Rhetorical Perspective," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1987, pp. 190-195.

Clark, Gregory. "Ethics in Technical Communication," The Journal of Computer Documentation, August 1994.

Girill, T. R. "Technical Communication and Ethics," Technical Communication, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1987, pp. 178-179.

Golen, Steven, et al. "How to teach Ethics in a Basic Communications Class," The Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1985, pp. 75-84.

Griffin, Jack. "When Rhetorical Choices Become Ethical Choices?," in R. Brockman and F. Rook, eds. Technical Communication and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society for Technical Communications, 1989, pp. 63-70.

Hall, Dean G. and Bonnie A. Nelson. "Integrating Professional Ethics Into the Technical Writing Course," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1987, pp. 45-61.

Hauptman, Robert. ed. "Ethics and the Dissemination of Information," Library Trends, Vol. 40, No. 2, Fall 1991, pp. 199-375.

Helyar, P. S. "Products Liability: Meeting Legal Standards for Adequate Instructions," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 125-147.

Johannessen, Richard L. Ethics in Human Communication. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1983.

Kremers, Marshall. "Teaching Ethical Thinking in a Technical writing Course," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1989, pp. 58-61.

Lannon, John M. "Writing for Readers: the Ethical Problem," Chap. 4 of Technical Writing. 5th ed. NY: Happer Collins, 1991.

Markel, Michael. "A Basic Unit on Ethics for Technical Communicators", Journal For Technical Writing And Communication, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1991, pp. 327-350.

Markel, Michael. "The Ethics of Technical Writing," Chap. 2 of Technical Writing: Situations and Strategies. 3rd. ed. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Mathes, J. C. "Assuming Responsibility: An Affective Objective in Teaching Technical Writing," in R. Brockman and F. Rook, eds. Technical Communication and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society for Technical Communications, 1989, pp. 89-90.

Michaelson, Herbert B., "Unethical Blunders by Authors," Journal for Technical Writing and Communication, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1991, pp. 425-428.

Pace, Roger C. "Technical Communication, Group Differentiation, and the Decision to Launch the Space Shuttle Challenger," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1988, pp. 207-220.

Parker, Donn B. "Responsibility for Disseminating Complete and Accurate Information to Decision Makers and to the Public," Chap. 6. in Ethical Conflicts in Computer Science and Technology. Menlo Park, CA: AFIPS Press, 1981.

Pauley, Steven E. and Daniel G. Riordan. "Ethics in Technical Writing," in Chap. 1 of Technical Report Writing Today. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993, pp. 10-13.

Porter, James E. "Truth in Technical Advertising: A Case Study," Transactions in Professional Communication, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1987, pp. 182-189.

Rubens, Philip M. "Reinventing the Wheel?: Ethics for Technical Communicators," Journal of Technical Writing and Communication," Vol. 11, No. 4, 1981, pp. 329-339.

Sachs, A. "Ethics and the Technical Communicator," in R. Brockmann and F. Rook, eds. Technical Communications and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society For Technical Communication, 1989.

Shimberg, Lee H. "Ethics and Rhetoric in Technical Writing," R. Brockmann and F. Rook, eds. Technical Communications and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society For Technical Communication, 1989, pp. 54-62.

Walter, Charles and Thomas F. Marsteller. "Liability for the Dissemination of Defective Information," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1987, pp. 164-167.

Wicclair, M. R. and D. K. Farkas. "Ethical Reasoning in Technical Communication: A Practical Framework," in R. Brockman and F. Rook, eds. Technical Communication and Ethics. Washington, DC: Society for Technical Communications, 1989, pp. 15-19.

Winsor, D. A. "Communication Failures Contributing to the Challenger Accident: An Example for Technical Communicators," IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1988, pp. 101-107.

Yoos, George. "A Revision of the Concept of Ethical Appeal," Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 12, Winter 1979, pp. 41-58.

Anderson, Robert M., et al. Divided Loyalties: Whistleblowing at BART. West Lafeyette, IN: Purdue Press, 1980.

Barnaby, Frank. The Automated Battlefield. NY: Free Press, 1986.

Bartelt, Mark. "Software Error at Bruce Nuclear Station," Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 1990.

Bellin, David and Gary Chapman, eds. Computers in Battle: Will They Work? NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.

Bok, Sisela. "Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibilities," in D. Callahan and S. Bok, eds. Ethics Teaching in Higher Education. NY: Plenum Press, 1980, pp. 277-295.

Borning, Alan. "Computer System Reliability and Nuclear War," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 2, February 1987, pp. 112-131. Reprinted in C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computers and Controversy. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 560-592.

Cantwell Smith, Brian. "The Limits of Correctness in Computers," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 456-469.

Chapman, Gary. "The Next Generation of High-Technology Weapons," in D. Bellin and G. Chapman, eds. Computers in Battle. NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987, pp. 61-100.

Chapman, Gary and Joel Yudken. "Uncritical 'Critical' Technologies," in Setting a New Course for Science and Technology Policy: The 21st Century Project. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 1993, pp. 77-85.

Clark, D. Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age. National Research Council. National Academy Press, 1990.

Collins, W. Robert and Keith W. Miller. "Programming and the Public Trust," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 573-575.

Corbato, Fernando J. "On Building Systems That Will Fail," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 9, September 1991, pp. 73-81.

Daniels, B. K., ed. Safety, Security, and Reliability Related Computers for the 1990's. NY: Pergamon Press, 1990.

Drell, Sydney and Wolfgang Panofsky. "The Case Against Strategic Defense: Technical and Strategical Realities," Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall 1984, pp. 45-65.

Fletcher, James C. "The Technologies for Ballistic Missile Defense," Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall 1984, pp. 15-29.

Jacky, Jonathan. "Risks in Medical Electronics," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 12, 1990, p. 138.

Jacky, Jonathan. "Safety Critical Computing: Hazards, Practices, Standards and Regulations," in

C. Dunlop and R. Kling, eds. Computerization and Controversy. San Diego: CA: Academic Press, 1991, pp. 611-631.

Lee, Jennifer. The Technological Arms Race. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Leveson, N. G. "Software Safety: Why, What and How," ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 18, No. 2, June 1986, pp. 25-69.

Leveson, N. G. "Software Safety," Curriculum Module SEI-CM-6-1.1, Software Engineering Institute. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University, 1987.

Leveson, N. G. "Software Safety in Embedded Computer Systems," Communications of the ACM, February, 1991, pp. 34-46.

Leveson, N. and C. Turner. "An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accidents," Computer, 1993, Vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 18-41.

Littlewood, Bev and Lorenzo Stringini. "The Risks of Software," Scientific American, November 1992, pp. 62-75.

Lunt, Teresa F. "Inside Risks: Securing the Information Infrastructure," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 6, June 1996, p. 130.

Mason, Cindy L. "Using Computers in Arms Control Verification," The CPSR Newsletter, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1988, pp. 1-5.

Moor, James H. "Are There Decisions Computers Should Never Make," Nature and System, Vol. 1, 1979, pp. 217 229. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1985, pp. 120-130.

Morrison, Perry. "An Absence of Malice: Computers and Armageddon," Prometheus, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1984, pp. 190-200.

Morrow, Walter E. "SDI Research is Critical," Technology Review, July 1987, pp. 24-25, 27. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 372-376.

Neumann, Peter G. "Are Risks in Computer Systems Different From Those in Other Technologies?," Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 1, No. 2, April 1988.

Neumann, Peter G. "A Glitch in Our Computer Thinking: We Create Powerful Systems With Pervasive Vulnerabilities," The Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1988.

Neumann, Peter G. "Survivable Systems," Inside Risks Column, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 35, No. 5, 1992.

Neumann, Peter G. "Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems," Software Engineering Notes, July 1994.

Neumann, Peter G. Computer Related Risks. NY: ACM Press, 1994.

Neumann, Peter G. Risks in Digital Commerce," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 1996, p. 154.

Neumann, Peter G. "Using Formal Methods to Reduce Risks," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1996, p. 114.

Parker, Donn B. "Responsibility for Computer Implications With Unknown or Controversial Consequences," Chap. 5. in Ethical Conflicts in Computer Science and Technology. Menlo Park, CA: AFIPS Press, 1981.

Parnas, David Lorge. "Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems," American Scientist, October 1985, pp. 432-440.

Parnas, David Lorge. "The Parnas Papers," Computers and Society, Vol. 14, No. 9, 1985, pp. 27-36.

Parnas, David Lorge. "Professional Responsibility to Blow the Whistle on SDI," Abacus, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1987, pp. 46-52. Reprinted in M. Ermann et al., eds. Computers, Ethics, and Society. NY: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 359-372.

Parnas, David Lorge. "Computers in Weapons: The Limits of Confidence," in D. Bellin and G. Chapman, eds. Computers in Battle. NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987, pp. 209-231.

Parnas, David; Schouwen, John and Shu Po Kwan. "Evaluation of Safety Critical Software," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1990, pp. 636-648.

Perry, William and Cynthia Roberts. "'Smart' Weapons," Technology Review, July 1982. Reprinted in T. Forester, ed. The Information Technology Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985, pp. 590-601.

Peterson, James C. and Dan Farrell. Whistleblowing: Ethical and Legal Issues in Expressing Dissent. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1986.

Petroski, Henry. "From Slide Rule to Computer: Forgetting How It Used to Be Done," in To Engineer is Human. NY: St. Matin's Press, 1985, pp. 189-203.

Pooley, Eric. "Blowing the Whistle on Nuclear Safety," Time, March 4, 1996, pp. 47-54.

Pressman, R. S. and R. Herron. Software Shock: The Danger and the Opportunity. NY: Dorsett House, 1991.

Reason, James "Latent Errors and Systems Disasters" in C. Huff and T. Finholt, eds. Social Issues in Computing. NY: McGraw Hill, 1994, pp. 128-176.

Roberts, E. and S. Berlin. "Computers and the Strategic Defense Initiative," in D. Bellin and G. Chapman, eds. Computers in Battle. NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987, pp. 149-170.

Rogers, Michael and David Gonzalez. "Can We Trust our Software?," Newsweek, Jan. 29, 1990.

Rotenberg, Marc. "Patriot Lapse: Software Failure," Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1991.

Stefik, Mark. "Strategic Computing at DARPA: Overview and Assessment," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 7, July 1985, pp. 690-704.

Sterling, T. D. "Stressing Design Rather Than Performance Standards to Ensure Protection of Information," in L. Hoffman, ed. Computers and Privacy in the Next Decade. NY: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 103-108.

Watts, Susan. "Computer Watch on Nuclear Plants Raises Safety Fears," The Independent, October 13, 1991.

Wessells, Michael G. "Computers and Weaponry," in Computer, Self, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 101-107.

Winograd, Terry. "Strategic Computing Research and the Universities," in J. Jacky and D. Schuler, eds. Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (Vol. 1). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989, pp. 18-32.

Auer, Joe. and Mark Demboski. "Software Contracts," Computerworld, Nov. 8, 1993, p. 101.

Augarten, A. "A Sense of Responsibility," PC Magazine, Vol. 5, 1986, pp. 99-104.

Benn, Marvin N., and Wayne H. Michaels. " 'Multi-Programming' Computer Litigation," Chicago Bar Record , Vol. 64, No, 1, 1982, pp. 32-47.

Betts, Mitch. "Software Testing Hits Bottom of 'To Do' List," Computerworld, July 26, 1993.

Brannigan, Vincent. "Liability for Personal Injury Caused by Defective Medical Computer Programs," in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 58-66.

Charles, Robert. "Computer Bulletin Boards and Defamation: Who Should be Liable? Under What Standard?," Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 2, 1987, pp. 121-50.

Dahlbom, Bo and Lars Mathiassen. Computers in Context: The Philosophy and Practice of Computer Design. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993.

Desilets, Roland B. "Software Vendors' Exposure to Products Liability for Computer Viruses," Computer/Law Journal, Vol. IX, 1989, pp. 509-526.

DiCato, Edward M. "Operator Liability Associated with Maintaining a Computer Bulletin Board," Software Law Journal, Vol. 4, 1990.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. "Unreliable Computers," Chap. 5 in Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Issues in Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge: MA, MIT Press, 1994.

French, Peter A. The Spectrum of Responsibility. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

Friedman, B. Moral Responsibility and Computer Technology. Erin Document Reproduction Services (EDRS), April, 1990.

Johnson, Deborah. "Responsibility and Liability," Chap. 7 in Computer Ethics. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.

Johnson, D. G. and J. M. Mulvey. Computer Decisions: Ethical Issues of Responsibility and Bias. Princeton, NJ: Statistics and Operations Research Series, Princeton University, 1993.

Joyce, Edward J. "Software Bugs: A Matter of Life and Liability," Datamation, Vol. 33, No. 10, May 15, 1987, pp. 88-92.

Joyce, Edward J. "Is Error-Free Software Achievable?," Datamation, Vol. 15, February 1989, pp. 53-56.

Ladd, John. "Computers and Moral Responsibility: A Framework for an Ethical Analysis", in C. Gould, ed. The Information Web. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press, 1989, pp. 207-228.

Lucash, Richard M. "Legal Liability for Malfunction and Misuse of Expert Systems," SIGCHI Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1986, pp. 35-43.

Mellor, Peter. "Can You Count on Computers?," New Scientist, February 11, 1989.

May, L. "Professional Action and Professional Liability," in V. Weill, ed. Beyond Whistleblowing: Defining Engineers Responsibilities. Chicago, IL: Illinois Institute of Technology, pp. 211-227.

Moor, James H. "Who's In Charge of the Chip," ELECTRO 1988 Professional Program Record. 36/2, Los Angeles, CA: Electronic Convention Management, 1988, pp. 1-6.

Myers, G. J. Software Reliability: Principles and Practices. NY: Wiley, 1976.

Nissenbaum, Helen. "Computing and Accountability," in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 526-538.

Nycum, Susan. "Liability for Malfunction of a Computer Program," Journal of Computers, Technology and Law, Vol. 7, 1979, pp. 1-22. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 67-78.

Nycum, H. S. and W. H. Lowell. "Common Law and Statutory Liability for Inaccurate Computer-Based Data," Emory Law Journal, Spring 1981, pp. 445-481.

Oz, Effy. "Liability for Software Defects," in Ethics for the Information Age. Burr Ridge, IL: Business and Educational Technologies, 1994, pp. 285-292.

Petschenik, N. H. "Practical Priorities in System Testing," IEEE Software, Vol. 2, No. 5, September 1985, pp. 18-23.

Prince, Jim. "Negligence: Liability for Defective Software," Oklahoma Law Review, Vol. 33, 1980, pp. 848-55. Reprinted in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, eds. Ethical Issues in the Use of Computing. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers, 1985, pp. 89-94.

Pullinger, David J. "Moral Judgments in Designing Better Systems," Interacting With Computers, Vol. 1, April 1989, pp. 93-104.

Samuelson, Pamela. "Liability for Defective Electronic Information," Communications of the ACM, January 1993, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 21-26.

Saunders, A. D. "Computing Security and Manufacturer's Liability," Electronic Business, Vol. 10, January 1984.

Smith, Larry W. "Survey of Current Legal Issues Arising from Contracts for Computer Goods and Services," Computer/Law Journal, Vol. 26, 1979.

Snapper, John W. "Responsibility for Computer-Based Errors," Metaphilosophy, Vol. 16, No. 4, October 1985, pp. 289-295.

Spinello, Richard. "Product Reliability," in Ethical Aspects of Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 84-92.

Valbona, C., J. Johnson and S. Beggs. "Moral and Legal Implications of Physician Responsibility in a Computerized Health System," Man and Computer, 1974, pp. 347-353.

Wahl, Nancy. "Responsibility for Unreliable Software," in Ethics in the Computer Age: Proceedings of the 1994 ACM/SIGCAS Conference. NY: ACM Press, pp. 175-177.

Waldrop, M. Mitchell. "A Question of Responsibility," Chap. 11 in Man Made Minds: The Promise of Artificial Intelligence. NY: Walker and Company, 1987. Reprinted in R. Dejoie et al., eds. Ethical Issues in Information Systems. Boston, MA: Boyd and Fraser, 1991, pp. 260-277.

Weizenbaum, Joseph. "On the Impact of the Computer on Society," Science, Vol. 176, No. 12, 1972, pp. 609-614. Reprinted in D. Johnson and H. Nissenbaum, eds. Computers, Ethics & Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995, pp. 549-559.